CHAPTER Ⅰ 1
1．INTRODUCTION OF STYLISTICS AND RHETORIC 1
1.1 Definition of Stylistics and Rhetoric 2
1.1.1 Definitions of Stylistics and Rhetoric 2
1.1.1.1 Definitions of Style 3
1.1.1.2 Defining Features in Chinese and English 7
1.1.2 The Relationship Between Stylistics and Rhetoric 18
1.2 Development of Stylistics and Rhetoric 20
1.2.1 The Development of Stylistics 20
1.2.2 The Development of Rhetoric 30
1.2.2.1 Brief Survey of Classical Rhetoric 30
1.2.2.2 Rhetoric in 20th Century 32
1.3 Scope of Stylistics and Rhetoric 36
1.3.0．Relevant Domains 36
1.3.0.1 Stylistics/Rhetoric,Semantics and Pragmatics 36
1.3.0.2 Meaning:Rhetoric-Oriented and Semantic-Oriented 38
1.3.0.3 Poetics and Stylistics 40
1.3.0.4 Grammar and Logic 43
1.3.1 Microstylistics 46
1.3.1.1 Elements in Formulating Style 47
1.3.1.2 Theories of Literary Criticism 59
1.3.2 Macrostylistics 63
1.3.2.1 Register or Diatypic Varieties 65
1.3.2.2 Literary Genres 69
1.4 Significance of Studies of Stylistics and Rhetoric 76
1.4.1 Great Help in Expression and Understanding of Languages 77
1.4.2 Great Help in Employing Achievements in Literary Criticism and Linguistics 78
1.4.3 Great Help in Promoting and Developing Computer Science and Information Technology 79
1.4.4 Great Significance in Sharing Heritage of Human Civilizations 82
Chapter Ⅱ 84
2．GENERAL SURVEY OF LANGUAGE DEVICES:THE ACTIVE RHETORICAL MEANS AND THE PASSIVE RHETORICAL MEANS 84
2.1．The Active Rhetorical Means 85
2.1.1 Figures of Speech 90
2.1.2 Other Active Rhetoric Means 92
2.1.2.1 Shape of Text 95
2.1.2.2 De-capitalization 96
2.1.2.3 Categorical Contrast 97
2.1.2.4 Tense 97
2.1.2.5 Number 97
2.1.2.6 Gender 98
2.1.2.7 Case 98
2.1.2.8 Aspect 98
2.1.2.9 Comparative Degree of Adjectives 98
2.2 The Passive Rhetorical Means 98
2.2.1 Diction—Choices of Words 99
2.2.2 Sentence Length,its Structure,Paragraph 104
2.3 More Analyses:Rhetorical Processes and Stylistic Outcomes 109
2.3.1 A Rhetorician's Analysis:Active Rhetorical Means and Passive Rhetorical Means 111
2.3.1.1 Active Rhetorical Means 111
2.3.1.2 Passive Rhetorical Means 115
2.3.2 A Stylistician's Analysis:Identifying and Evaluating the Style of the Text 117
2.3.3 Stylistic Variants:Testing Stylistic Effects by Rewriting or Paraphrasing 126
Chapter Ⅲ 132
3．DETAILED STUDIES OF ACTIVE RHETORICAL MEANS:FIGURES OF SPEECH 132
3.1 Figures of Resemblance and Relationship 133
3.1.1 Allegory 133
3.1.2 Allusion 135
3.1.3 Analogy 136
3.1.4 Animism 137
3.1.5 Antonomasia 137
2.1.6．Apostrophe 138
3.1.7 Conceit 138
3.1.8 Enallage 139
3.1.9 Euphemism 139
3.1.10 Fable 139
2.1.11 Invocation 140
3.1.12 Kenning 140
3.1.13 Metalepsis 141
3.1.14 Metaphor 142
3.1.15 Metonymy 146
3.1.16．Pathetic Fallacy 146
3.1.17 Personification 147
3.1.18 Simile 148
3.1.19 Synecdoche 148
3.2 Figures of Emphasis or Understatement 149
3.2.1 Anastrophe/Hyperbaton 149
3.2.2 Anticlimax 149
3.2.3 Antiphrasis 150
3.2.4 Antithesis 150
3.2.5 Aphorism 151
3.2.6 Apophthegm/maxim/aphorism 152
3.2.7 Aporia 153
3.2.8 Apophasis 153
3.2.9 Apostrophe 154
3.2.10 Asyndeton 155
3.2.11 Bathos 156
3.2.12 Climax 156
3.2.13 Correction 156
3.2.14 Epigram 157
3.2.15 Euphuism 159
3.2.16 Jeu d'esprit 159
3.2.17 Hyperbaton 160
3.2.18 Hyperbole 161
3.2.19 Hypotaxis 161
3.2.20 Innuendo 162
3.2.21 Irony 164
3.2.22 Litotes 163
3.2.23 Meiosis 163
3.2.24 Oxymoron 164
3.2.25 Paradox 164
3.2.26 Paralipsis 165
3.2.27 Parataxis 166
3.2.28 Periphrasis 167
3.2.29．Polysyndeton 167
3.2.30 Sarcasm 167
3.2.31 Satire 169
3.2.32 Systrophe 170
3.2.33 Tapinosis 170
3.3 Figures of Sound 171
3.3.1 Anadiplosis 171
3.3.2 Alliteration 172
3.3.3 Assonance 172
3.3.4 Consonance 173
3.3.5 Dissonance 173
3.3.6 Melopoeia 173
3.4．Verbal Games and Gymnastics 174
3.4.1 Anacoluthon 174
3.4.2 Anagram 175
3.4.3 Antistrophe 175
3.4.4 Hypallage 176
3.4.5 Palindrome 176
3.4.6 Parody 176
3.4.7 Portmanteau Word 177
3.4.8 Pun 178
3.4.9 Reverse 178
3.4.10 Syllepsis 179
3.4.11 Transferred Epithet 180
3.4.12 Zeugma 180
3.5 Errors 181
3.5.1 Anachronism 181
3.5.2 Bull 181
3.5.3 Malapropism 181
3.5.4 Metathesis 182
3.5.5 Mimesis 182
3.5.6 Spoonerism 183
Chapter Ⅳ 184
4．DETAILED STUDIES OF PASSIVE RHETORICAL DEVICES 184
4.1 Diction—Choices of Words 184
4.1.1 Introduction 184
4.1.1.1 Diction 184
4.1.1.2 Word Formation 185
4.1.2 Word Functions 188
4.1.2.1 Choosing Words According to Nature 188
4.1.2.2 Choosing Words According to Use 194
4.2 Sentences:Combination of Words 196
4.2.0 Introduction 196
4.2.1 Passive Rhetorical Sentential Devices 196
4.2.1.1 Pleonastic Sentences 196
4.2.1.2 Periodic Sentences 197
4.2.1.3 The Use of Loose Sentences 197
4.2.1.4 The Use of Balanced Sentences 197
4.2.2 Essential Qualities of Sentences 197
4.2.2.1 Sentence Cleanness 198
4.2.2.2 Sentence Unity 200
4.2.2.3 Sentence Coherence 201
4.2.2.4 Sentence Emphasis 202
4.2.2.5 Sentence Euphony 204
4.2.2.6 Sentence Strength 206
4.3 Paragraphs:Organization of Sentences 207
4.3.1 The Principles of Composing Paragraphs 208
4.3.1.1 Unity of a Paragraph 208
4.3.1.2 Coherence of Paragraph 209
4.3.1.3 Information Selection of a Paragraph 209
4.3.1.4 Proportion of Paragraph 210
4.3.1.5 Length of a Paragraph 210
4.3.2 Types of Paragraphs 210
4.3.2.1 The Isolated Paragraphs 211
4.3.2.2 The Related Paragraphs 211
4.3.3 Means of Paragraph Development 212
4.3.3.1 General Discussion 212
4.3.3.2 Means for Developing Exposition 212
4.4 Texts:Arrangement of Paragraphs 213
4.4.0 Introduction 213
4.4.1 Types of Texts 214
4.4.1.1 Literary Writing 214
4.4.1.1.1 Poetry 214
4.4.1.1.2 Novel 218
4.4.1.1.3 Prose 219
4.4.1.1.4 Drama 219
4.4.1.2 Academic Writing 220
4.4.1.2.1 Research Papers 220
4.4.1.2.2 Science Reports 220
4.4.1.3 Practical Writing 220
4.4.2 Analysis of the Texts 227
Chapter Ⅴ 242
5．REMARKS ON THE STYLE THROUGH RHETORICAL DEVICES 242
5.1 Detailed Branching of Framework of Stylistics and Rhetoric 242
5.2 Conclusion 244
BIBLIOGRAPHY 250
APPENDIX Ⅰ：ENGLISH USED FOR HOLDING A MEETING 253
APPENDIX Ⅱ HOLDING MEETING IN ENGLISH 264