Chapter 1 China—Country Profile 1
Geography and Demographics 1
Contemporary Society and Culture 2
Administrative System 5
The Provinces 6
Chapter 2 The Chinese Education System—History 8
Introduction 8
Educational Legacies and Values 8
History and Evolution 10
Ancient and Imperial Era(1100BC-1840AD) 11
Modern Era(1840-1948) 13
Post-revolution Era(1949-1966) 16
"Cultural Revolution"Era(1967-1978) 19
New Era(1978-present day) 20
Chapter 3 The Contemporary Chinese Higher Education System 24
Introduction 24
Overall Structure of the National Eduction System 26
Educational Standards 26
National HEIs and Local HEIs 30
Universities,Colleges,and Vocational Colleges 31
The"211"and"985"Projects 31
Financing and Tuition Fees 32
Governance of Higher Education in China 35
Administration 35
Admission Policies and Procedures 39
Enrollment Quotas—The Jihua 41
Pathways to Enrollment 42
Quality Assurance 47
The Private and Independent Sectors 49
Private Institutions 50
Independent Colleges 52
Chapter A Data and Analysis:Students and Education 55
Indicator A1 Students 55
Chart A1.1 Number of Students Enrolled in Tertiary Education,1988-2008 55
Chart A1.2 Number of Putong Undergraduate Students,1949-2008 57
Chart A1.3 Numbers of Zhuanke and Benke Undergraduate Students,1988-2008 59
Chart A1.4 Number of Putong Undergraduate Students(Zhuanke vs Benke),1988-2008 60
Chart A1.5 Proportion of Postgraduate Students in Tertiary Education,1988-2008 61
Chart A1.6 Number of Adult Undergraduate Students,2002-2008 62
Chart A1.7 Proportion of Foreign Students in Tertiary Education,2005-2008 63
Chart A1.8 Origin of Foreign Students Enrolled in Tertiary Education,2008 64
Chart A1.9 Sources of Financial Support of Foreign Students,2008 65
Chart A1.10 Participation Rate at All Education Levels,1990-2008 66
Chart A1.11 Distribution of Students across All Types of Programs,2008 68
Indicator A2 Institutional Diversification 69
Chart A2.1 Proportion of Students Enrolled in Open Courses,2005-2008 69
Chart A2.2 Proportion of Putong Undergraduate Students Enrolled in Non-public Institutions,2004-2008 70
Chart A2.3 Student Composition of Independent and Private Institutions,2008 71
Indicator A3 Financing 72
Chart A3.1 Total per Student Spending on Tertiary Education,2005-2007 72
Chart A3.2 Total per Student Spending on Tertiary Education by Type of Institution,2007 73
Chart A3.3 Tuition Fees Compared to Median Income,2008 74
Indicator A4 Faculty 76
Chart A4.1 Size of Faculty,2002-2008 76
Chart A4.2 Proportion of Faculty with a PhD,2004-2008 77
Chart A4.3 Proportion of Female Faculty,2003-2008 78
Chart A4.4 Proportion of Female Faculty by Rank,2008 79
Chart A4.5 Number of Foreign Teachers,2004-2008 80
Indicator A5 Access 81
Chart A5.1 Proportion of Female Students in Tertiary Education,1997-2008 81
Chart A5.2 Proportion of Female Students by Study Level,2008 82
Chart A5.3 Socio-economic Patterns of Students(Based on Father's Occupation),2005 83
Indicator A6 Regional Balance 85
Chart A6.1 Number of Students in Tertiary Education by Province,2008 85
Chart A6.2 Growth of Annual Undergraduate Student Enrollment by Province,1998-2008 87
Chart A6.3 Growth of Annual Postgraduate Student Enrollment by Province,2003-2008 89
Chart A6.4 Public Funding per Student,at Nationally and Provincially Administered Tertiary Institutions,2007 91
Chart A6.5 Academic Qualifications of Faculty,2007 93
Chart A6.6 Putong Undergraduate Education Admissions Rates by Province,2009 95
Chart A6.7 Number of Foreign Tertiary Students by Province,2008 96
Chapter B Data and Analysis:Graduates 97
Indicator B1 Attainment and Employment 97
Chart B1.1 Proportion of Graduates with a STEM Degree,2001-2007 97
Chart B1.2 Proportion of the Working Population with a Tertiary Degree,2002-2007 99
Chart B1.3 Proportion of Unemployed Adults with a Tertiary Degree,2002-2008 100
Indicator B2 Quality and Relevance 101
Chart B2.1 Completion Rates of Undergraduate Students,2004-2008 101
Chart B2.2 Completion Rates of Postgraduate Students,2003-2008 102
Chart B2.3 Number of Bachelor's Graduates Pursuing Postgraduate Studies,2004-2008 103
Chart B2.4 Results of International Mathematical Olympiad,1980-2009 105
Indicator B3 Study Abroad 107
Chart B3.1 Number of Students Leaving for and Returning from Study Abroad,1978-2007 107
Indicator B4 Equality 108
Chart B4.1 Gender Balance of Graduates by Subject of Study,2003 108
Chart B4.2 Gender Balance of Graduates by Residential Status,2003 110
Indicator B5 Regional Balance 111
Chart B5.1 Number of Postgraduate Degrees Awarded by Province,2008 111
Chart B5.2 Educational Attainment of the Labor Force,2007 113
Chapter C Data and Analysis:Research 115
Indicator C1 Research Capacity 115
Chart C1.1 R＆D Expenditure Relative to GDP,1998-2007 115
Chart C1.2 University R＆D Spending by Activity,2004-2008 117
Chart C1.3 Science and Technology Funding to Universities,2000-2008 119
Indicator C2 Research Output 120
Chart C2.1 Number of Publications and Citations of University Research,Five-year Rolling averages,1995-2004 120
Indicator C3 Technology Transfer 121
Chart C3.1 Employment Sector of Doctoral Program,2007 121
Chart C3.2 Contract Dollars with Industry per R＆D Personnel in Universities,1998-2007 122
Chart C3.3 Number of University Patents,2004-2008 123
Indicator C4 Regional Balance 124
Chart C4.1 Science and Technology Funding to Universities,2007 124
Chart C4.2 Number of World-ranked Institutions,2009 126
Chapter D Data and Analysis:Governance 128
Indicator D1 Financing Tertiary Education 128
Chart D1.1 Income of Tertiary Education Institutions,1996-2007 128
Chart D1.2 Tertiary Education Budget as a Percentage of the Total National Educational Budget,1998-2007 130
Chart D1.3 Proportion of Public and Private Funding for Tertiary Education as a Percentage of GDP,1999-2007 131
Indicator D2 Balance of MoE-and Provincially-administered Institutions 132
Chart D2.1 Number of MoE-and Provincially-administered Institutions,1997-2008 132
Chart D2.2 Percentage of Institutions,Faculty,students,and Awards Affiliated with the Ministry of Education,2008 133
Data Sources 134
Notes 137
Appendix 138
List of"985"Universities 138
List of"211"Universities 141
References 147