PART Ⅰ SETTING THE SCENE 1
Chapter 1 Preliminaries 3
Some quotes from the literature 3
A note on terminology 5
The running example 6
Keys 7
The place of design theory 8
Aims of this book 11
Concluding remarks 12
Exercises 12
Chapter 2 Prerequisites 15
Overview 15
Relations and relvars 16
Predicates and propositions 18
More on suppliers and parts 20
Exercises 22
PART Ⅱ FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCIES,BOYCE/CODD NORMAL FORM,AND RELATED MATTERS 25
Chapter 3 Normalization:Some Generalities 27
Normalization serves two purposes 29
Update anomalies 31
The normal form hierarchy 32
Normalization and constraints 34
Concluding remarks 35
Exercises 36
Chapter 4 FDs and BCNF(Informal) 37
First normal form 37
Functional dependencies 40
Keys revisited 42
Second normal form 43
Third normal form 45
Boyce/Codd normal form 45
Exercises 47
Chapter 5 FDs and BCNF(Formal) 49
Preliminary definitions 49
Functional dependencies 50
Boyce/Codd normal form 52
Heath's Theorem 54
Exercises 56
Chapter 6 Preserving FDs 59
An unfortunate conflict 60
Another example 63
...And another 64
...And still another 66
A procedure that works 67
Identity decompositions 71
More on the conflict 72
Independent projections 73
Exercises 74
Chapter 7 FD Axiomatization 75
Armstrong's axioms 75
Additional rules 76
Proving the additional rules 78
Another kind of closure 79
Exercises 80
Chapter 8 Denormalization 83
"Denormalize for performance"? 83
What does denormalization mean? 84
What denormalization isn't(Ⅰ) 86
What denormalization isn't(Ⅱ) 88
Denormalization considered harmful(Ⅰ) 90
Denormalization considered harmful(Ⅱ) 91
A final remark 92
Exercises 92
PART Ⅲ JOIN DEPENDENCIES,FIFTH NORMAL FORM,AND RELATED MATTERS 95
Chapter 9 JDs and 5NF(Informal) 97
Join dependencies—the basic idea 98
A relvar in BCNF and not 5NF 100
Cyclic rules 103
Concluding remarks 104
Exercises 105
Chapter 10 JDs and 5NF(Formal) 107
Join dependencies 107
Fifth normal form 109
JDs implied by keys 110
A useful theorem 113
FDs aren't JDs 114
Update anomalies revisited 114
Exercises 116
Chapter 11 Implicit Dependencies 117
Irrelevant components 117
Combining components 118
Irreducible JDs 119
Summary so far 121
The chase algorithm 123
Concluding remarks 127
Exercises 127
Chapter 12 MVDs and 4NF 129
An introductory example 129
Multivalued dependencies(informal) 131
Multivalued dependencies(formal) 132
Fourth normal form 133
Axiomatization 134
Embedded dependencies 135
Exercises 136
Chapter 13 Additional Normal Forms 139
Equality dependencies 139
Sixth normal form 141
Superkey normal form 143
Redundancy free normal form 144
Domain-key normal form 149
Concluding remarks 150
Exercises 152
PART Ⅳ ORTHOGONALITY 155
Chapter 14 The Principle of Orthogonal Design 157
Two cheers for normalization 157
A motivating example 159
A simpler example 160
Tuples vs.propositions 163
The first example revisited 166
The second example revisited 168
The final version 168
A clarification 168
Concluding remarks 170
Exercises 171
PART Ⅴ REDUNDANCY 173
Chapter 15 We Need More Science 175
A little history 177
Database design is predicate design 178
Example 1 180
Example 2 181
Example 3 181
Example 4 181
Example 5 182
Example 6 183
Example 7 185
Example 8 187
Example 9 188
Example 10 189
Example 11 190
Example 12 190
Managing redundancy 191
Refining the definition 193
Concluding remarks 200
Exercises 200
APPENDIXES 201
Appendix A Primary Keys Are Nice but Not Essential 203
Arguments in favor of the PK:AK distinction 204
Relvars with more than one key 206
The invoices and shipments example 208
One primary key per entity type? 211
The applicants and employees example 212
Concluding remarks 214
Appendix B Redundancy Revisited 215
Appendix C Historical Notes 219
Appendix D Answers to Exercises 223
Chapter 1 223
Chapter 2 224
Chapter 3 227
Chapter 4 227
Chapter 5 232
Chapter 6 235
Chapter 7 237
Chapter 8 240
Chapter 9 242
Chapter 10 244
Chapter 11 245
Chapter 12 247
Chapter 13 250
Chapter 14 253
Chapter 15 253
Index 255