PART ONE ACADEMIC WRITING 论文写作篇 3
Unit One An Overview of Effective Writing 优秀论文写作概述 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Characteristics of Effective Writing 4
1.3 Steps to Successful Writing 8
1.4 The Style of Academic Writing 14
Unit Two Writing Skill:General-Specific Texts 写作技巧：由一般到具体的语篇 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 The Structure of General-Specific Texts 27
2.3 Basic Principles in Writing Definitions 29
2.4 Sentence Definitions 30
2.5 Extended Definitions 37
2.6 Contrastive Definitions 40
2.7 Comparative Definitions 43
2.8 Generalizations 44
Unit Three Writing Skill:Problem-Solution Movement 写作技巧：先问题后解答的行文 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 The Structure of Problem-Solution Texts 50
3.3 Presenting the Problem 51
3.4 Proposing Solutions 57
3.5 Evaluation 63
Unit Four Writing Skill:Graphic Aids and Data Commentary 写作技巧：图表使用和数据评述 71
Ⅰ．Graphic Aids 71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Types of Graphic Aids 72
4.3 Language Focus:Expressions in Describing Graphs 82
Ⅱ．Data Commentary 83
4.4 Introduction 83
4.5 Strength of Claim 83
4.6 The Structure of Data Commentary 86
4.7 Qualifications and Strength of Claim 91
4.8 Concluding a Commentary 97
4.9 Dealing with Imperfect Data 98
Unit Five Writing Skill:Writing Summaries 写作技巧：概要写作 103
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Summary,Analysis and Abstract 104
5.3 Elements of a Good Summary 105
5.4 Characteristics of a Good Summary 106
5.5 Steps in Writing a Summary 108
5.6 Language Focus:Summary Opening Sentences and Reminder Phrases 112
5.7 Comparative Summaries 115
Unit Six Writing Skill:Writing Critiques 写作技巧：评论文写作 121
6.1 Introduction 121
6.2 Critical Thinking 122
6.3 Preliminary Steps in Writing a Critique 124
6.4 The Format of the Critique 126
6.5 Language Focus:The Grammar of Critiques 133
Unit Seven Research Paper Writing:Introduction and Literature Review 论文写作：导论及文献综述 141
Ⅰ．Introduction Sections 141
7.1 Introduction 141
7.2 Characteristics of an Effective Introduction 142
7.3 How to Write an Introduction 147
7.4 Language Focus:Opening Statements 151
Ⅱ．Literature Reviews 152
7.5 Introduction 152
7.6 The Importance of Literature Reviews 153
7.7 How to Write a Literature Review 154
7.8 Language Focus:Tense in Citation and Negative Statements 162
Unit Eight Research Paper Writing:Methods and Results 论文写作：方法与结果 169
Ⅰ．Methods 169
8.1 Introduction 169
8.2 Ingredients of the Methods Section 170
8.3 Language Focus:Imperative Sentences 178
Ⅱ．Results 180
8.4 Introduction 180
8.5 Ingredients of the Results Section 180
8.6 Commentary in the Results Section 183
Unit Nine Research Paper Writing:Discussion and Conclusions 论文写作：讨论与结论 188
Ⅰ．Discussion 188
9.1 Introduction 188
9.2 The Variation of Discussion 188
9.3 The Difference Between Results and Discussion 189
9.4 How to Present the Discussion 189
9.5 Strategies for Opening the Discussion Section 190
9.6 The Discussion of Results 192
Ⅱ．Conclusions 194
9.7 Introduction 194
9.8 How to Write a Conclusions Section 194
9.9 Components of the Conclusions 196
9.10 Ineffective Conclusions 201
9.11 Language Focus:Transitions and Useful Expressions 205
Unit Ten Research Paper Writing:Title,Abstract,Acknowledgements and Bibliography 论文写作：标题、摘要、致谢和文献目录 211
1Ⅰ．Titles 211
10.1 Functions 211
10.2 Guidelines 212
10.3 Mechanics 213
Ⅱ．Abstracts 214
10.4 Introduction 214
10.5 Components 214
10.6 Language Focus:The Grammar of Abstracts 216
Ⅲ．Acknowledgements 218
10.7 Introduction 218
10.8 Components 219
10.9 Sample Acknowledgements 220
Ⅳ．Bibliographies 222
10.10 Introduction 222
10.11 Documentation Styles 222
10.12 Preferences for Documentation Style 229
Unit Eleven Research Paper Writing:Plagiarism and Documentation 论文写作：抄袭现象和文献引注 233
Ⅰ．Plagiarism 233
11.1 Introduction 233
11.2 How to Avoid Plagiarism 234
Ⅱ．Documentation 237
11.3 Introduction 237
11.4 What to Document 238
11.5 In-Text Documentation 239
Unit Twelve Academic Translation:English Versions of Chinese Abstracts 学术翻译：论文摘要汉译英 253
12.1 Introduction 253
12.2 What to Be Translated 254
12.3 Language Focus:Linguistic Features of Abstracts 256
13.PART TWO TECHNICAL WRITING 应用文写作篇 273
Unit Thirteen E-mail 电子邮件 273
13.1 Introduction 273
13.2 The Compose Window 274
13.3 How to Write and Reply to an E-mail 275
13."4 ""Body Language""and Acronyms in E-mail 276
13.5 Formal E-mail Etiquette 278
Unit Fourteen Memo Reports 备忘录 285
14.1 Introduction 285
14.2 The Format of the Memo 285
14.3 Types of Memos 287
Unit Fifteen Proposals 计划书 297
15.1 Introduction 297
15.2 The Purpose of a Proposal 298
15.3 Components of a Proposal 298
15.4 Types of Proposals 302
Unit Sixteen Progress Reports 工作进展报告 311
16.1 Introduction 311
16.2 Contents of a Progress Report 312
16.3 The Format of the Progress Report 315
Unit Seventeen Résumés and Letters 简历与信件 321
Ⅰ．Résumés 321
17.1 Introduction 321
17.2 Components of a Résumé 322
17.3 The Chronological Résumé 328
17.4 The Functional Résumé 333
Ⅱ．Application Letters for Graduate Studies 336
17.5 Introduction 336
17.6 Application Letters for Graduate Programs 337
17.Ⅲ．Job-Application Letters 343
17.7 Introduction 343
17.8 How to Write Job-Application Letters 344
Ⅳ．Recommendation Letters 348
17.9 Introduction 348
17.10 The Basic Structure of the Recommendation Letter 349
17.11 Language Focus:Useful Expressions 352
.Unit Eighteen Oral Presentations 口头陈述 357
18.1 Introduction 357
18.2 The Role of Oral Presentations 358
18.3 Preparing an Oral Presentation 359
18.4 Giving the Oral Presentation 368
18.5 After the Presentation 371