PART ONE EARLY AND MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LITERATURECHAPTERS 1
1．The Making of England 1
The Britons 1
The Roman Conquest 1
The English Conquest 2
The Social Condition of the Anglo-Saxons 2
Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence 2
2．Beowulf 3
Anglo-Saxon Poetry 3
The Story of Beowulf 3
Features of Beowulf 4
Analysis of Its Content 4
3．Feudal England 5
The Danish Invasion 5
The Norman Conquest 5
The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Language 5
Social Feature of the Feudal England 6
The Miseries of the Peasants 6
The Rising of 1381 7
The Content of the Romance 7
The Romance Cycles 8
The Class Nature of the Romance 8
Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur 8
1．A Medieval Knight 8
2．The Knights of the Round Table at King Arthur's Court 9
A Picture of Feudal England 10
3．Sir Launcelot in His Madness 10
4．Langland 10
Piers the Plowman and Its Author 10
4．Ploughing with Oxen in the Time of Langland 11
Artistic Features 14
5．The English Ballads 16
Oral Literature 16
The Ballads 16
5．Robin Hood, Scarlet and Little John 17
The Robin Hood Ballads 17
6．Chaucer 18
Life 18
6．Geoffrey Chaucer 19
Chaucer's Literary Career 20
Troilus and Criseyde 20
The Canterbury Tales(1387—1400) 21
PART TWO THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCECHAPTERS 21
7．The Pilgrims at Table 21
8．Canterbury Pilgrims 22
9．The Wife of Bath 23
The New Monarchy 26
1．Old England in Transition 26
The Reformation 26
The English Bible 27
10．Tyndale's Bible and Authorized Version 27
The Enclosure Movement 28
11．Illustration to The Book of Job in The Old Testament(Painting by William Blake) 28
The Renaissance and Humanism 29
The Commercial Expansion 29
The War with Spain 29
12．Caxton's Printing(c.1491) 30
William Caxton 30
13．Thomas More 31
Life 31
2．More 31
The Beginning of the English Renaissance 31
Utopia,Book One 32
Utopia 32
Utopia,Book Two 33
14．The Island of Utopia(Illustration to More's Utopia) 34
More's Limitations 35
The Flourishing of Literature 36
3．The Flowering of English Literature 36
Engels on the Renaissance 36
Sidney and Raleigh 37
15．Philip Sidney 38
16．Edmund Spenser 39
Edmund Spenser 39
17．The Shepherds' Calendar (An Illustration) 40
John Lyly 42
18．Title Page of Lyly's Euphues(1579) 42
19．Francis Bacon 43
Francis Bacon 43
4．Drama 44
The Miracle Play 44
The Classical Drama 45
The London Theatre 45
The Interlude 45
The Morality Play 45
The Audience 46
20．Elizabethan Stage(A Comtempory Drawing) 46
Life 47
5．Marlowe 47
The Playwrights 47
21．Robert Greene 47
22．Christopher Marlowe 48
Work 48
23．Tamburlaine the Great(Illustration to Marlowe's Play) 49
Doctor Faustus 50
Social Significance of Marlowe's Plays 51
Marlowe's Literary Achievement 52
24．William Shakespeare(Portrait in the First Folio of His Plays) 53
Life 53
6．Shakespeare 53
25．Trinity Church,Stratford-on-Avon 54
A Chronological List of Shakespeare's Plays 56
Periods of Shakespeare's Dramatic Composition 58
26．Romeo and Juliet 59
27．Portia(Illustration to The Merchant of Venice) 64
The Great Comedies 64
The Mature Histories 67
28．Falstaff Disowned by King Hal 71
29．Sir John Falstaff 73
The Great Tragedies 76
30．Macbeth and the Three Witches 79
Hamlet 80
31．Title Page of Hamlet(1603) 80
32．Hamlet and Ophelia(An Illustration) 81
The Poems 85
The Later Comedies 85
Features of Shakespeare's Drama 87
33．The Monument to Shakespeare 87
34．Ben Jonson 89
7．Ben Jonson 89
PART THREE THE PERIOD OF THE ENGLISH BOURGEOIS REVOLUTIONCHAPTERS 89
35．Robert Herrick 90
The Weakening of the Tie Between Monarchy and Bourgeoisie 92
The ClashesBetween the King and Parliament 92
1．The English Revolution and the Restoration 92
The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restoration 93
The Outburst of the English Revolution 93
The Split within the Revolutionary Camp 93
Literature of the Revolution Period 94
The Religious Cloak of the English Revolution 94
Life and Work 95
2．Milton 95
36．Young John Milton 95
37．John Milton 98
38．Milton Composing Paradise Lost 100
Paradise Lost 101
39．Title Page of Milton's Paradise Lost(First Edition,1667) 102
Samson Agonistes 104
Brief Summary 105
40．Samson Agonistes 105
3．Bunyan 106
Life 106
41．John Bunvan 107
The Pilgrim's Progress 108
42．Bunyan's Dream(Illustration to The Pilgrim's Progress) 108
43．Christian and Hopeful in the Dungeon(An Illustration to The Pilgrim's Progress) 109
44．John Donne 110
4．Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets 110
John Donne 110
George Herbert 112
Andrew Marvell 112
Henry Vaughan 113
5．Some Prose-Writers 113
Robert Burton 114
Thomas Browne 114
45．Robert Burton 114
46．Thomas Browne(A Statue) 115
Jeremy Taylor 115
Izaak Walton 115
6．Restoration Literature 116
Restoration Comedy 116
PART FOUR THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURYCHAPTERS 117
John Dryden 117
47．John Dryden 118
1．The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature 119
The Enlightenment and 18th Century England 119
48．Richard Steele 121
Classicism 121
2．Addison and Steele 121
Steele and The Tatler 121
Addison and The Spectator 123
49．The Tatler(No.104) 123
50．Joseph Addison 124
51．Title-Page of The Spectator 125
3．Pope 126
Life 126
52．Alexander Pope(A Full-length Portrait) 127
Work 127
53．The Rape of the Lock(Cover Design) 128
Early Life 130
4．Swift 130
Workmanship and Limitation 130
54．Jonathan Swift 131
A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books 131
BickerstaffAlmanac(1708) 132
55．Gulliver in Lilliput 133
Gulliver's Travels 133
56．Gulliver in Brobdingnag 134
Pamphlets on Ireland 135
57．Dr.Swift,Dean of St.Patrick's 136
Illness and Death 136
Swift's Style 137
The Rise of the English Novel 138
5．Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel 138
58．Daniel Defoe 139
Defoe 139
59．Defoe in the Pillory(A Painting) 140
Defoe's Novels 141
Robinson Crusoe 142
60．Robinson Crusoe(An Illustration) 142
61．Discovering a Footprint(Illustration to Robinson Crusoe) 143
6．Richardson 144
62．Samuel Richardson 145
7．Fielding 147
Life 147
63．Henry Fielding(Portrait by William Hogarth) 148
Fielding as a Playwright 149
Joseph Andrews 150
Jonathan Wild 153
Tom Jones 155
Summary 159
Smollett 161
8．Smollett and Sterne 161
64．Laurence Sterne 164
Sterne 164
9．18th Century Drama and Sheridan 166
18th Century English Drama 166
Sheridan 167
65．Riehard Brinsley Sheridan 168
66．Sheridan Viewing the Burning of Drury Lane Theatre 168
67．Dr.Samuel Johnson 170
10．Johnson 170
Life 170
Johnson's Dictionary 171
68．Dr.Johnson and Boswell(Sketch by Boswell) 172
11．Goldsmith 172
Life 172
Boswell's Life of Johnson 172
69．Oliver Goldsmith 173
Work 174
70．Dr.Johnson Rescuing Goldsmith from His Landlady 174
71．Sweet Smiling Village of Auburn(Illustration to Goldsmith's The Deserted Village) 175
Life 178
12．Gibbon 178
72．Edward Gibbon 179
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 180
73．Thomas Gray 181
Sentimentalism in English Poetry 181
13．Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry 181
74．William Cowper 182
Pre-Romanticism 182
75．Death of Thomas Chatterton 183
76．William Blake 184
14．Blake 184
Life 184
Songs of Innocence(1789)and Songs of Experience(1794) 186
77．Songs of Innocence(Book Cover) 186
78．Songs of Experience(Book Cover) 187
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell(1790) 188
79．The Tiger(Poem and Picture by Blake) 188
Blake's Position in English Literature 189
Life 189
15．Burns 189
80．Robert Burns 190
The Poetry of Burns 192
PART FIVE ROMANTICISM IN ENGLANDCHAPTERS 196
Features of Burns' Poetry 196
81．"We twa hae paidl'd in the burn,Frae morning sun till dine."(Illustration to Burns's Song Auld Lang Syne) 198
1．The Romantic Period 199
2．Wordsworth 201
82．William Wordsworth 202
83．Wordsworth in Old Age 205
Coleridge 206
84．Samuel Taylor Coleridge 206
3．Coleridge and Southey 206
85．The Ancient Mariner(An Illustration) 207
86．Illustration to The Ancient Mariner 208
87．S.T.Coleridge(A Plaque) 209
Southey 210
4．Byron 210
Life 210
88．Byron 211
89．Byron in 1814(In Albanian Costume) 213
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 214
Don Juan 216
90．An Illustration to Don Juan 217
91．Haidee(Illustration to Don Juan) 218
93．Percy B.Shelley 220
92．Byron in 1823 220
5．Shelley 220
Life 220
94．The Burning of Shelley's Body 222
Queen Mab 223
The Revolt of Islam 224
Prometheus Unbound 225
The Masque of Anarchy and Other Political Lyrics 227
Lyrics on Nature and Love 228
A Defence of Poetry 230
6．Keats 231
Life 231
95．John Keats 231
Long Poems 233
96．Lorenzo and Isabella(Illustration to Keats's Poem Isabella or The Pot of Basil) 234
Short Poems 237
97．Keats in 1821(Painted in Rome) 238
98．"Here lies one whose name was writ in water."(Keats'Grave in Rome) 239
7．Lamb 240
99．Charles Lamb 241
Life 241
Lamb's Literary Career 242
The Essays of Elia 243
100．Charle Lamb in 1823 243
8．Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt 244
Hazlitt 244
101．William Hazlitt 245
Leigh Hunt 248
102．Leigh Hunt 248
9．De Quincey 249
103．Thomas De Quincey 250
10．Scott 251
Life 251
104．Walter Scott 251
His Historical Novels 252
105．"For Better or for Worse":Rob Roy and the Bailie(Illustration to Rob Roy) 253
106．Ivanhoe(A Film Poster) 254
Features of Scott's Historical Novels 255
PART SIX ENGLISH CRITICAL REALISMCHAPTERS 255
1．The Rise of Critical Realism in England 257
Social Background 257
Chartist Movement and Chartist Literature 258
107．Ernest Jones 260
English Critical Realism 261
2．Dickens 263
108．Charles Dickens at 24 263
Dickens' Novels 265
The First Period(1836—1841) 266
109．Mr.Pickwick 267
110．First Appearance of Sam Weller(Illustration to The Pickwick Papers) 268
111．Illustration to Oliver Twist 269
112．Fagin in the Condemned Cell(Illustration to Oliver Twist) 270
The Second Period(1842—1850) 272
113．Mr.Pecksniff(Illustration to Martin Chuzzlewit) 273
114．Edith and Carker(Illustration to Dombey and Son) 275
115．Changes at Home(Illustration to David Copperfield) 277
116．"I am hospitably received by Mr.Peggotty."(Illustration to David Copperfield) 278
The Third Period(1851—1870) 279
117．Mr.Micawber 279
118．In the Bastille(Illustration to A Tale of Two Cites) 282
Dickens:Man and Writer 285
119．Dickens:The Last Reading 285
120．Charles Dickens(A Photo) 286
3．Thackeray 287
Life and Work 287
121．William Makepeace Thackeray 287
122．Becky Sharp and Joseph(Illustration to Vantity Fair) 289
Vanity Fair:A Novel Without a Hero 289
123．Becky Sharp and Her Husband Rawdon(Illustration to Vanity Fair) 290
124．W.M.Thackeray(A Contemporary Drawing) 291
Jane Austen(1775—1817) 292
4．Some Women Novelists 292
125．Jane Austen(A Drawing by Her Sister Cassandra) 293
The Brontё Sisters 293
126．Charlotte Brontё 295
127．Emily Brontё(Oil Painting by Her Brother Branwell) 296
Mrs.Gaskell 297
128．Heathcliff and Catherine(Illustration to Wuthering Heights) 297
129．Mrs.E.C.Gaskell 298
PART SEVEN PROSE-WRITERS AND POETS OF THE MID AND LATE 19TH CENTURYCHAPTERS 299
George Eliot 299
131．George Eliot 299
130．An Illustration to Mrs.Gaskell's Cranford 299
132．Hetty Sorrel(Illustration to Adam Bede) 300
1．Carlyle 304
Thomas Carlyle 304
133．Thomas Carlyle 305
Sartor Resartus 306
Heroes and Hero-Worship 307
The French Revolution 307
Past and Present 308
Carlyle as a Literary Critic 308
Engels on Carlyle 308
2．Ruskin and Some Other Prose-Writers 309
Ruskin 309
134．John Ruskin 310
135．Matthew Arnold 313
Arnold 313
Macaulay 316
136．Thomas Babington Macaulay 316
3． Tennyson 317
Tennyson's Life and Career 318
137．Alfred Tennyson 319
In Memoriam 319
The Idylls of theKing 321
138．Sir Galahad(Illustration to The Idylle ofthe King) 321
4．The Brownings 322
Browning's Early Life and Career 322
139．Robert Browning at 43 323
Elizabeth Barrett(Mrs.Browning) 324
140．Mrs.Elizabeth Browning 324
141．Illustration to Sonnets from the Portuguese 325
Browning's Main Achievement in Poetry 326
142．Illustration to Browning's Home Thoughts from Abroad 327
Browning's Short Lyrics 327
144．Robert Browning in Old Age 329
143．The Pied Piper of Hamelin(An Illustration) 329
145．Dante Gabriel Rossetti 330
Dante Gabriel Rossetti 330
5．The Rossettis and Swinburne 330
146．Lady Lilith(Illustration to D.G.Rossetti's The House of life) 332
Christina Georgina Rossetti(1830—1894) 332
147．Christina Rossetti(By D.G.Rossetti) 333
Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat 334
148．"Buy from us with a Golden Curl"(D.G.Rossetti's Illustration to Christina Rossetti's Goblin Market) 334
Algernon Charles Swinburne 336
6．William Morris 337
149．Algernon Charles Swinburne 337
Life 338
150．William Morris 338
A Dream of John Ball 340
News from Nowhere 341
151．Kelmscott Manor(William Morris' Woodcut in News from Nowhere) 342
7．Literary Trends at the End of the Century 344
Naturalism 344
152．Robert Louis Stevenson 346
Neo-Romanticism 346
Aestheticism 347
PART EIGHT TWENTIETH CENTURY ENGLISH LITERATURECHAPTERS 347
153．Walter Pater 348
155．Illustration to Wilde's Salomé(By Aubrey Beardsley) 349
154．Oscar Wilde 349
1．The New Century:Social and Historical Background 351
2．English Novel of Early 20th Century 352
The Realists 352
Kipling Bennett and Conrad 353
156．Illustration to Kipling's The Jungle Book 354
157．Arnold Bennet(A Caricature) 354
158．Joseph Conrad 355
159．Henry James 356
Henry James 356
Katharine Mansfield 357
3．Hardy 357
Life and Work 357
Tess of the D'Urbervilles 358
160．Thomas Hardy 358
161．Tess and Angel Clare(An Illustration to Tess of the D'urbervilles) 359
Jude the Obscure 359
4．Galsworthy 360
Life and Work 360
The Forsyte Saga 361
162．John Galsworthy 361
The Abbey Theatre and Lady Gregory 363
5．The Irish Dramatic Movement 363
163．Abbey Theatre Group(J.M.Synge,Sir Hugh Lane,W.B.Yeats and Lady Gregory) 364
J.M.Synge 364
O'Casey 364
6．Bernard Shaw 365
Life 365
164．George Bernard Shaw 365
Dramatic Work 367
Mrs.Warren's Profession 368
Major Barbara 370
Heartbreak House 371
165．Rupert Brooke 372
7．Some Poets of Early 20th Century 372
166．John Masefield 373
Imagism 374
8．Modernism in Poetry 374
W.B.Yeats 375
167．William Butler Yeats(In Early Years) 375
T.S.Eliot 377
168．W.B.Yeats(Portrait by His Father John B.Yeats) 377
169．T.S.Eliot(in 1921) 378
9．The Psychological Fiction 380
170．T.S.Eliot 380
D.H.Lawrence 380
171．D.H.Lawrence 381
The "Stream of Consciousness" School of Novel 383
James Joyce 383
172．James Joyce 384
Virginia Woolf 386
173．Virginia Woolf 386
10．Robert Tressell:A Working-Class Novelist 389
Ralph Fox and The Novel and the People 392
11．Marxist Literary Criticism 392
174．Ralph Fox 393
Christopher Caudwell 395
PART NINE POETS AND NOVELISTS WHO WROTE BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WARCHAPTERS 396
Other Marxist Critics 396
1．Social and Historical Background 397
2．W.H.Auden 398
175．W.H.Auden 399
176．W.H.Auden(A Sketch) 402
177．W.H.Auden(In Old Age) 405
3．Dylan Thomas 406
178．Dylan Thomas in 1938 406
179．Dylan Thomas 407
180．Dylan Thomas on His Book Cover 409
4．Hugh MacDiarmid 410
181．Hugh MacDiarmid 410
182．Hugh MacDiarmid:Selected Poetry(Book Cover) 414
5．E.M.Forster 417
183．E.M.Forster 417
6．Evelyn Waugh 420
184．Evelyn Waugh 421
7．Graham Greene 423
185．Graham Greene 423
8．Aldous Huxley 425
Point Counter Point 426
186．Aldous Huxley(A Caricature) 426
Brave New World 427
9．George Orwell 428
187．George Orwell 428
188．George Orwell:1987(Book Cover) 430
10．William Golding 431
189．William Golding 431
190．Doris Lessing 433
ILLUSTRATIONS 433
11．Doris Lessing 433
191．The Golden Notebook(Book Cover) 434
192．Doris Lessing's Autobiography(Book Cover) 435
193．Doris Lessing(A Caricature) 436