1 CHARACTERIZATION OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Examples of distributed systems 3
1.3 Resource sharing and the Web 7
1.4 Challenges 16
1.5 Summary 25
2 SYSTEM MODELS 29
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Architectural models 31
2.3 Fundamental models 47
2.4 Summary 61
3 NETWORKING AND INTERNETWORKING 65
3.1 Introduction 66
3.2 Types of network 69
3.3 Network principles 73
3.4 Internet protocols 89
3.5 Case studies:Ethernet,WiFi,Bluetooth and ATM 112
3.6 Summary 127
4 INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION 131
4.1 Introduction 132
4.2 The APl for the Internet protocols 133
4.3 External data representation and marshalling 144
4.4 Client-server communication 155
4.5 Group communication 164
4.6 Case study:interprocess communication in UNIX 168
4.7 Summary 172
5 DISTRIBUTED OBJECTS AND REMOTE INVOCATION 177
5.1 Introduction 178
5.2 Communication between distributed objects 181
5.3 Remote procedure call 197
5.4 Events and notifications 201
5.5 Case study:Java RMI 208
5.6 Summary 216
6 OPERATING SYSTEM SUPPORT 221
6.1 Introduction 222
6.2 The operating system layer 223
6.3 Protection 226
6.4 Processes and threads 228
6.5 Communication and invocation 245
6.6 Operating system architecture 256
6.7 Summary 260
7 SECURITY 265
7.1 Introduction 266
7.2 Overview of security techniques 274
7.3 Cryptographic algorithms 286
7.4 Digital signatures 295
7.5 Cryptography pragmatics 302
7.6 Case studies:Needham-Schroeder,Kerberos,TLS,802.11 WiFi 305
7.7 Summary 319
8 DISTRIBUTED FILE SYSTEMS 323
8.1 Introduction 324
8.2 File service architecture 332
8.3 Case study:Sun Network File System 337
8.4 Case study:The Andrew File System 349
8.5 Enhancements and further developments 359
8.6 Summary 364
9 NAME SERVICES 367
9.1 Introduction 368
9.2 Name services and the Domain Name System 371
9.3 Directory services 386
9.4 Case study of the Global Name Service 387
9.5 Case study of the X.500 Directory Service 390
9.6 Summary 394
10 PEER-TO-PEER SYSTEMS 397
10.1 Introduction 398
10.2 Napster and its legacy 402
10.3 Peer-to-peer middleware 404
10.4 Routing overlays 406
10.5 Overlay case studies:Pastry,Tapestry 410
10.6 Application case studies:Squirrel,OceanStore,lvy 419
10.7 Summary 429
11 TIME AND GLOBAL STATES 433
11.1 Introduction 434
11.2 Clocks,events and process states 435
11.3 Synchronizing physical clocks 437
11.4 Logical time and logical clocks 445
11.5 Global states 448
11.6 Distributed debugging 457
11.7 Summary 464
12 COORDINATION AND AGREEMENT 467
12.1 Introduction 468
12.2 Distributed mutual exclusion 471
12.3 Elections 479
12.4 Multicast communication 484
12.5 Consensus and related problems 499
12.6 Summary 510
13 TRANSACTIONS AND CONCURRENCY CONTROL 513
13.1 Introduction 514
13.2 Transactions 517
13.3 Nested transactions 528
13.4 Locks 530
13.5 Optimistic concurrency control 545
13.6 Timestamp ordering 549
13.7 Comparison of methods for concurrency control 556
13.8 Summary 557
14 DISTRIBUTED TRANSACTIONS 565
14.1 Introduction 566
14.2 Flat and nested distributed transactions 566
14.3 Atomic commit protocols 569
14.4 Concurrency control in distributed transactions 578
14.5 Distributed deadlocks 581
14.6 Transaction recovery 589
14.7 Summary 599
15 REPLICATION 603
15.1 Introduction 604
15.2 System model and group communication 606
15.3 Fault-tolerant services 615
15.4 Case studies of highly available services:the gossip architecture,Bayou and Coda 622
15.5 Transactions with replicated data 641
15.6 Summary 653
16 MOBILE AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING 657
16.1 Introduction 658
16.2 Association 666
16.3 Interoperation 675
16.4 Sensing and context-awareness 683
16.5 Security and privacy 696
16.6 Adaptation 705
16.7 Case study of Cooltown 710
16.8 Summary 717
17 DISTRIBUTED MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS 721
17.1 Introduction 722
17.2 Characteristics of multimedia data 727
17.3 Quality of service management 728
17.4 Resource management 738
17.5 Stream adaptation 740
17.6 Case study:the Tiger video file server 742
17.7 Summary 746
18 DISTRIBUTED SHARED MEMORY 749
18.1 Introduction 750
18.2 Design and implementation issues 754
18.3 Sequential consistency and lvy case study 763
18.4 Release consistency and Munin case study 771
18.5 Other consistency models 777
18.6 Summary 778
19 WEB SERVICES 783
19.1 Introduction 784
19.2 Web services 786
19.3 Service descriptions and IDL for web services 800
19.4 A directory service for use with web services 805
19.5 XML security 807
19.6 Coordination of web services 812
19.7 Case study:the Grid 814
19.8 Summary 824
20 CORBA CASE STUDY 827
20.1 Introduction 828
20.2 CORBA RMI 829
20.3 CORBA services 847
20.4 Summary 855
REFERENCES 859
INDEX 909