序&秦佑国 1
绪论 建筑热环境设计的目标：舒适、健康、高效 Aim at Comfort and Health and Efficiency of Indoor Environment 1
第1部分 人·建筑·气候——基于人的考虑Part 1 Human·Building·Climate—Thinking of People 7
1 人与建筑／Human and Building 7
1.1 人的热舒适／Thermal Comfort 7
1.1.1 生存／Survival 7
1.1.2 热舒适／Thermal Comfort 9
1.2 影响人体热舒适性的因素／Thermal Comfort Factors 9
1.2.1 环境物理状况／Environmental Conditions 9
1.2.2 个体差异／Individual Difference 11
1.3 室内热舒适的量化表示及评价／Quantification and Evaluation of Indoor Thermal Comfort 13
1.3.1 量化参数及测量／Parameter and Measurement 15
1.3.2 热平衡方程／Thermal Balance Equation 19
1.3.3 热舒适指数／Thermal Comfort Indices 23
1.3.4 生物气候图／Bioclimatic Chart 27
1.4 室内热环境设计指标／Index of Indoor Environment Design 29
2 气候与建筑／Climate Oriented Building Design 33
2.1 气候与微气候／Climate and Micro-climate 37
2.1.1 气候分区／Climate Zones 37
2.1.2 我国气候特征与区划／Climatic Character and Patterns of China 41
2.1.3 大气温室效应／Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect 45
2.1.4 微气候／Microclimate 47
2.2 结合气候设计的要素／Elements of Climate 53
2.2.1 太阳辐射／Solar Radiation 55
2.2.2 空气温度／Air Temperature 57
2.2.3 气压与风／Air Pressure and Wind 61
2.2.4 空气湿度／Atmospheric Humidity 67
2.2.5 凝结和降水／Precipitation 69
2.3 结合气候的设计策略／Climate Oriented Design Strategies 71
2.3.1 区域性气候建筑设计策略／Meso Climate Oriented Design Strategies 71
2.3.2 微气候建筑设计策略／Microclimate Oriented Design Strategies 77
2.3.3 传统方法与现代策略／Traditional and Modern Technology 79
第2部分 材料·构造·围护结构——基于技术的考虑 Part Ⅱ Material·Structure·Envelope—Thinking of Technology 107
3 传热学的基本概念和原理／Principles of Heat Transfer 107
3.1 辐射与辐射换热／Radiation 107
3.1.1 辐射的反射、吸收和透过／Reflection and Absorption and Transmission of Radiation 107
3.1.2 辐射换热／Radiation and Heat Transfer 111
3.2 对流与对流换热／Convection 117
3.2.1 自然对流和受迫对流／Free Convection and Forced Convection 119
3.2.2 表面对流换热／Convection and Heat Transfer 119
3.3 导热与导热换热／Conduction and Heat Transfer 121
3.3.1 导热／Conduction 121
3.3.2 导热换热／Conduction and Heat Transfer 121
4 建筑材料和构造的热工特性／Manipulating Building Materials 125
4.1 导热系数和热阻／Thermal Conductivity and Resistivity 125
4.2 蓄热系数和热惰性指标／Thermal Storage and Inertia Index 127
4.3 绝热建筑材料与构造／Insulation Materials 131
4.3.1 轻质成型材料及成品板材／Bulk Insulation Materials 131
4.3.2 空气间层构造及空心砌体／Air Space Insulation Materials 133
4.3.3 反射绝热材料与构造／Reflective Insulation Materials and Construction 135
5 建筑围护结构热工设计原理／Design Principles of Building Envelope 137
5.1 保温设计原理／Design Principles of Winter Insulation 137
5.1.1 围护结构传热过程和传热量／Heat Transfer Process and Heat Flow 137
5.1.2 围护结构的传热系数和传热阻／Heat Transfer Coefficient and Resistivity 141
5.1.3 围护结构内表面及内部温度／Surface Temperature and Inner Temperature 143
5.2 隔热设计原理／Design Principles of Summer Insulation 145
5.2.1 围护结构隔热过程和室外综合温度／Sol-air Temperature 145
5.2.2 围护结构的衰减倍数和延迟时间／Thermal Amplitude Decrement and Time Lag 147
5.2.3 围护结构内表面最高温度／Maximum Interior Surface Temperature 149
5.3 防潮设计原理／Design Principle of Dampproof 153
5.3.1 围护结构的热湿现象／Vapor Penetration and Condensation 153
5.3.2 围护结构内表面结露及防止／Control of Internal Condensation 153
5.3.3 围护结构内部蒸汽渗透／Vapor Penetration 155
5.3.4 围护结构内部冷凝的判别／Condensation Inside Walls 157
5.4 通风设计原理／Design Principle of Ventilation 159
5.4.1 建筑通风的功能／Functions of Ventilation 159
5.4.2 建筑自然通风的物理机理／Mechanisms of Ventilation 163
5.4.3 建筑通风设计／Design for Building Ventilation 165
5.4.4 建筑防风／Windbreak 175
第3部分 建筑·形式·细部——基于设计的考虑 Part Ⅲ Building·Shape·Detail—Thinking of Design 183
6 建筑设计措施／Manipulating Building Design for Energy Efficiency 183
6.1 防寒设计综合措施／Integrated Design Methods for Energy Efficiency in Winter 183
6.1.1 建筑失热与得热——体形与朝向／Orientation and Shape of Building 185
6.1.2 建筑保温——热阻／Insulation and Thermal Resistance 187
6.1.3 建筑气密性——冷风渗透／Air-lock 189
6.1.4 保温层设置和热桥／Layout of Insulation Materials and Thermal Bridge 191
6.2 防热设计综合措施／Integrated Design Methods for Energy Efficiency in Summer 191
6.2.1 建筑得热——体形与朝向／Orientation and Shape of Building 193
6.2.2 建筑隔热——围护结构热惰性／Insulation and Mass 195
6.2.3 建筑散热——自然降温／Natural Cooling 195
6.2.4 隔热层设置／Layout of Insulation Materials 197
7 围护结构节能设计／Manipulating Envelope and Fenestration 199
7.1 墙体／Walls 199
7.1.1 保温外墙体／Insulated Wall 201
7.1.2 玻璃幕墙／Glazing Wall 205
7.1.3 特隆布墙／Trombe Wall 207
7.1.4 透明绝热墙／Transparent Insulated Wall 207
7.1.5 双层玻璃幕墙／Double Glazing Wall 213
7.1.6 绿化墙体／Plant Wall 213
7.2 门窗／Doors and Windows 215
7.2.1 保温门窗／Insulated Doors and Windows 215
7.2.2 窗用玻璃／Glazing 217
7.2.3 窗用薄膜／Membrane 221
7.2.4 绝热窗框／Insulation Frame 223
7.2.5 玻璃百叶调光窗户／Shutter 223
7.2.6 节能窗帘／Curtains 223
7.3 屋顶／Roofs 223
7.3.1 保温屋顶／Insulated Roofs 225
7.3.2 种植屋面／Roof Plants 225
7.3.3 蓄水屋面／Roof Ponds 227
7.3.4 通风屋顶和架空屋顶／Shaded Roof Terraces 227
7.4 楼地面／Floors 227
7.4.1 地面保温／Insulated Floors 233
7.4.2 低温辐射采暖地板／Radiation Heating Floor 233
7.5 阳光间／Sun Space 233
7.6 中庭空间／Atrium 235
第4部分 舒适·健康·高效——基于未来的考虑 Part Ⅳ Comfort·Health·Efficiency—Thinking of Future 239
8 太阳与建筑／Sun and Building 239
8.1 太阳运行规律／Sun Path and Sun Control 239
8.1.1 太阳位置计算方法／Calculation of Sun Path 239
8.1.2 日照图表及其应用／Sun Path Diagram 245
8.2 建筑日照／Sun Shining 247
8.2.1 日照间距的计算／Space Between Buildings for Sun Shining 249
8.2.2 日照间距与建筑布局／Building Arrangement and Sun Shining 249
8.3 建筑遮阳／Solar Shading Devices 251
8.3.1 建筑遮阳方式／Solar Shading Devices Types 251
8.3.2 遮阳构件计算／Calculating of Solar Shading Devices 257
8.3.3 遮阳与隔热、采光和通风／Insulation and Daylighting and Ventilation for Solar Shading Devices 259
8.3.4 现代遮阳构件／Advanced Solar Shading Devices 263
8.4 太阳能利用／Solar Energy Utilization 265
8.4.1 太阳能转换技术／Solar Energy Collection Technology 267
8.4.2 太阳能建筑／Solar Building 269
8.5 建筑物自然冷却／Passive Cooling 283
8.5.1 外逸长波辐射降温／Cooling by Outgoing Longwave Radiation 285
8.5.2 自然通风和夜间通风降温／Cooling by Natural Ventilation and Night Flush 285
8.5.3 蒸发冷却／Cooling by Evaporation 287
8.5.4 土壤供冷／Cooling by Earth 291
8.6 建筑的自然通风／Natural Ventilation 291
8.6.1 自然通风与空气质量／Natural Ventilation and IAQ 293
8.6.2 自然通风的形式／Types of Natural Ventilation 293
8.6.3 建筑自然通风间层／Air Circulation Space 297
9 建筑与能源／Building and Energy 299
9.1 建筑能耗／Building Energy Consumption 299
9.1.1 我国建筑能耗状况／Building Energy Consumption in China 299
9.1.2 国内外建筑能耗比较／Building Energy Consumption Comparison among Countries 301
9.1.3 建筑节能的必要／Energy Conservation Situation 305
9.2 建筑节能标准和立法／Design Standards and Laws for Energy Efficiency in Building 307
9.2.1 建筑节能政策与管理／Policy and Management 309
9.2.2 居住建筑节能设计标准／Design Standards for Energy Efficiency in Residential Buildings 315
9.3 节能建筑／Energy Conservation Building 325
9.3.1 优化能源利用／Optimizing Energy Utilization 327
9.3.2 被动式低能耗建筑／Passive Low Energy Architecture 331
10 可持续发展的建筑观／Sustainable Building View 337
10.1 建筑与自然关系简史／A Brief History of Building and Nature 337
10.2 不可持续的建筑／Unsustainable Building 339
10.3 可持续的建筑／Sustainable Building 341
10.3.1 生态建筑与城市／Ecological Architecture and City 345
10.3.2 绿色建筑／Green Architecture 347
10.3.3 生态住区与住宅／Ecological Community and House 349
10.3.4 绿色建筑技术评估体系／Green Building Rating System 351
10.4 舒适＋健康＋高效／Comfort＋Health＋Efficiency 353
10.4.1 舒适≠健康／Comfort≠Health 353
10.4.2 营造健康的室内热环境／Healthy Indoor Environment 355
参考文献／References 358