Contents 1
Chapter ⅩⅩ The Verb（Ⅸ）The Infinitive 1
20.1 General Remarks 1
20.2 Functions of the Infinitive 2
20.3 The Infinitive Complex 12
20.4 Infinitive witb Inter rogative Words 14
20.5 The Barc Infinitive 14
20.6 Split Inflnitive 18
20.7 Aspect and Voice of the Infinitive 19
20.8 Infinitive in the Active Form but with a Passive Sense 20
Chapter ⅩⅪ The Verb（Ⅹ）The Gerund 25
21.1 General Remarks 25
21.2 Functions of the Gerund 25
21.3 The Gerundial Complex 34
21.4 The Perfect Asp？ct and Votce of the Ger-und 36
21.5 The Verbal Noun 37
22.1 The Present and Past Participle 39
Chapter ⅩⅫ The Verb（Ⅺ）The Participle 39
22.2 The Predicative Use of the Participle 41
22.3 The Attributive Use of the Participial Phrase 42
22.4 The Adverbial Use of the Participial 45
Phrase 45
22.5 Unattached Participial Construction 48
22.6 The Ab solute Participjal Construction 50
22.7 Particjple Used to Form Part of Complex Object or Compound Predicate 52
Chapter ⅩⅩⅢ The Adjective 53
22.8 Aspect and Voice 53
23.1 General Remarks 55
23.2 Adjectives Classified According as They Are Formed 55
23.3 Adjectives Classified According to Their Semantic Distinctions and Syntactic Functions 59
23.4 Position of the Adjective 64
23.5 Formation of Degree of Comparison 65
23.6 Use of the Comparative Degree 68
23.7 Use of Comparative Degree in Certain Sentence Patterns 69
23.8 Use of the Superlative Degree 75
23．9 Use of the Positive Degree 77
23.10 Use of Positive Degree in Certain Sentence Patterns 78
23.11 Substantivization 80
Chapter ⅩⅩⅣ The Adverb 83
24.1 Classification of Adverbs 83
24.2 Formation of Adverbs 85
24.3 Functions of the Adverb 91
24.4 Positions of Adverbs 97
24.5 Comparison of Adverbs 101
24.6 Uses of Certain Adverbs 102
25.2 Classification of Prepositions 108
Chapter ⅩⅩⅤ The Preposition 108
25.1 General Remarks 108
25.3 Formation of the Prepositional Phrase 110
25.4 Functions of the Prepositional Phrase 112
25.5 Position of the Preposition 117
25.6 Meaning and Use of the Preposition 120
25.7 Pr？positions in Collocation with Some Other Parts of Speech 147
26.1 General Remark 153
26.2 The Subject 153
Chapter ⅩⅩⅥ Members of the Sentence 153
26.3 The Predicate 157
26.4 The Predicative 160
26.5 The Object 163
26.6 The Attribute 168
26.7 The Adverbial 175
Chapter ⅩⅩⅦ Independent Elements 182
27.1 General Remarks 182
27.2 Interjections 182
27.4 Parenthetical Expressions 183
27.3 Direct Address 183
Chapter ⅩⅩⅧ Kinds of Sentences 187
28.1 Sentences Classified by Use 187
28.2 Sentences Classified by Structure 202
Chapter ⅩⅩⅨ Coordinated Structure 207
29.1 General Remarks 207
29.2 Coordinators 211
29.3 Uses of Coordinators 212
30.1 General Remarks 224
30.2 Noun ClausesInt roduced by Subordinators and Wh-Words 224
Chapters ⅩⅩⅩ The Noun Clause 224
30.3 Syntactical Functions of Noun Clauses 228
30.4 Direct and Indirect Speech 235
30.5 Free Direct and Free Indirect Speech 244
Chapter ⅩⅩⅪ The Attributive Clause 247
31.1 General Remarks 247
31.2 Restrictive and Non-restrictive Clauses 248
31.3 Choice of Relative Pronouns 255
32.1 General Remarks 263
Chapter ⅩⅩⅫ The Adverbial Clause 263
32.2 Adverbial Clauses of Time 266
32.3 Adverbial Clauses of Place 272
32.4 Adverbial Clauses ot Cause（or：Reason） 273
32.5 Adverbial Clauses of Result 276
32.6 Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 278
32.7 Adverbial Clauses of Manner 281
32.8 Adverbial Clauses of Condition 282
32.9 Adverbial Clauses of Concession 292
32.10 Adverbial Clauses of Comparison 294
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅢ Concord of Number Between Subject and Predicate 296
33.1 Grammatical Concord and Notional Con-cord 296
33.2 Some General Rules Concerning Concord 298
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅣ Negation 307
34.1 Negative Sentences………………………………………（307)34.2 General Characteristics of Negative Sentences 311
34.3 Scope of Negation………………………………………………（312)34.4 Focus of Negation 318
34.5 Transferred Negation 321
35.1 Types of Inversion 323
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅤ Inversion 323
35.2 Inversion Is Obligatory in Some Case 324
35.3 Inver sion Used For Emphasis or Rhe-torical Purpose 327
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅥ Ellipsis 330
36.1 Types of Ellipsis 330
36.2 Ellipsis in Simple Sentences 336
36.3 Ellipsis in Compound Sentences 339
36.4 Ellipsis in Compl？x Sentences 343
36.5 Some Special Elliptical Constructions 347
Volume 350
Appendix Ⅰ Grammatical Terms Used in This 350
Appendix Ⅱ．Exercises with Key 355
（Ⅰ）Exerises 355
Chapter ⅩⅩ The Verb（Ⅸ）The Infinitive（73—76） 355
Chapter ⅩⅪ The Verb（Ⅹ）The Gerund（77—80） 360
Chapter ⅩⅫ The Verb（Ⅺ）The Participle（81—84） 365
Chapter ⅩⅩⅢ The Adjective（85—88） 370
Chapter ⅩⅩⅣ The Adverb（89—91） 377
Chapter ⅩⅩⅤ The Preposition（92—96） 381
Chapter ⅩⅩⅥ Members of the Sentences（97—101） 388
Chapter ⅩⅩⅦ Independent Elements（102—104） 394
Chapter ⅩⅩⅧ Kinds of Sentences（105—109） 396
Chapter ⅩⅩⅨ Coordinated Structure（110—113） 400
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩ The Noun Clause（114—117） 403
Chapter ⅩⅩⅪ The Attributive Clause（118—121） 407
Chapter ⅩⅩⅫ The Adverbial Clause（122—125） 411
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅢ Concord（126—127） 416
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅣ Negation（128—129） 419
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅤ Inversion（130—131 421
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅥ Ellipsis（132—134） 423
（Ⅰ）Key 426
Chapter ⅩⅩ（73—76） 426
Chapter ⅩⅪ（77—80） 430
Chapter ⅩⅫ（81—84） 433
Chapter ⅩⅩⅢ（85—88） 436
Chapter ⅩⅩⅣ（89—91） 439
Chapter ⅩⅩⅤ（92—96）（94） 441
Chapter ⅩⅩⅥ（97—101） 445
Chapter ⅩⅩⅦ（102—104） 447
Chapter ⅩⅩⅧ（105—109）（107） 448
Chapter ⅩⅩⅨ（110—113） 453
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩ（114—117） 456
Chapter ⅩⅩⅪ（118—121）（119） 460
Chapter ⅩⅩⅫ（122—125） 462
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅢ（126—127） 466
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅣ（128—129） 468
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅤ（130—131） 470
Chapter ⅩⅩⅩⅥ（132—134） 472
BIBLIOGRAPHY 475