1 INTRODUCTION 1
1-1 Historical Perspective 2
1-2 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems 2
1-3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms 6
1-4 Organization of This Book 6
1-5 Use of a personal Computer and MATLAB 7
1-6 Block Diagram of a Communication System 8
1-7 Frequency Allocations 9
1-8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 10
1-9 Information Measure 16
Example1-1 Evaluation of information and Entropy, 17
1-10 Channel Capacity and ldeal Communication Systems 18
1-11 Coding 19
Block Codes 21
Convolutional Codes. 21
Code interleaving. 23
Code performance. 24
Trellis-Coded Modulation. 27
1-12 Preview 30
1-13 Study-aid Examples 30
Problems 31
2 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA 33
2-1 Properties of Signals and Noise 33
Physically Realizable Waveforms. 34
Time Average Operator. 35
Dc Value. 36
Power. 37
Example2-1 Evaluation of Power. 38
Rms Value and Normalized Power. 39
Energy and Power Waveforms. 40
Decibel. 40
Phasors. 42
2-2 Fourier Transform and Spectra 43
Definition. 43
Example2-2 Spectrum of an Exponentiat Pulse. 45
Propertise of Fourier Transforms. 46
Parseval s Theorem and Energy Spectral Density. 47
Example2-3 Spectrum of a Damped Sinusoid. 49
Dirac Data Function and Unit Step Function, 50
Example2-4 Spectrum of a Sinusold. 52
Rectangular and Triangular-Pulses. 54
Example2-5 Spectrum of a Rectangular Pulse. 54
Example2-6 Spectrum of a Triangular Pulse. 57
Convolution. 58
Example2-7 Convolution of a Rectangle with an Exponential,. 58
Example2-8 Spectum of a Triangular Pulse by Convotution,. 59
Example2-9 Spectrum of a Switched Sinusoid. 60
2-3 Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation Function 62
Power Spectral Density. 62
Autocotrelation Function. 63
Example2-10 PSD of a Sinusoid. 63
2-4 Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise 65
Orthogonal Functions. 65
Example2-11 Orthogonal Complex Exponential Functions. 66
Orthogonal Series. 66
2-5 Fourier Series 68
Complex Fourier Series. 68
Quadrature Fourier Series. 70
Polar Fourier Series. 71
Line Spectra for Periodic Waveforms. 73
Example2-12 Fourier Coefficienis for a Rectangular Wave, 75
Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms. 76
Example2-13 PSD for a Square Wave. 77
2-6 Review of Linear Systems 78
linecr Time-Invariont Systems. 78
Impulse Response. 79
Tnmifer Fwtction. 79
Example2-14 RC Low-Pass Filter. 81
Distortionless Transmission 83
Example2-15 Distortion Caused by a Filter. 83
2-7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise 84
Bandlimited Waveforms. 86
Sampling Theorem. 86
Impulse Sampling. 89
Dimensionolity Theorem. 92
2-8 Discrete Fourier Transform 93
Using the DFT to Compute the Contisuous Fourier Transform. 94
Example2-16 DFT for a Rectangular pulse. 97
Using the DFT to Compute the Fourier Series. 100
Example2-17 Use the DFT to Compute the Spectrum of a Sinusoid 100
2-9 Bandwidth of Signals 101
Example2-18 Bandwidths for a BPSK Signal. 105
2-10 Summary 109
2-11 Study-Aid Examples 110
Problems 113
3 BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGIIAL SIGNALING 127
3-1 Introduction 127
3-2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 128
Natural Sampling (Gating). 129
Instantaneous Sampling(Flat-Top PAM). 133
3-3 Pulse Code Modulation 136
Sampling,Quantizing,and Encoding, 137
Practical PCM Circuits. 140
Bandwidth of PCM. 141
Effecis of Noise 143
Example3-1 Design of a PCM Systm. 145
Nonuniform Quantizing:μ-Law and A-Law Companding. 146
3-4 Digital Signaling 148
Vector Representation. 150
Example3-2 Vector Representation of a Binary Signal. 151
Bandwidth Estimation. 151
Binary Signaling. 152
Example3-3 Binary Signaling. 153
Multilevel Signaling 154
Example3-4 L=4Multilevel Signal. 155
3-5 Line Codes and Spectra 157
Binary Line Coding. 157
Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes. 159
Differential Coding. 166
Eye Patterns. 167
Regenerative Repeaters. 168
Bit Synckronization. 170
Power Spectra for Multilevel Signals. 173
Spectral Efficiency. 175
3-6 Intersymbol Interference 176
Nyquist s First Method(Zero ISI). 179
Raised Cosine-Rolloff Filtering. 180
Example3-1 (contiruesd). 182
Nyquist s Second and Third Methods for Courol of ISI, 184
3-7 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 185
3-8 Delta Modulation 189
Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise. 190
Example3-5 Design of a DM System. 191
Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation. 193
Speech Coding. 194
3-9 Time-Division Multiplexing 196
Frame Synchronization. 196
Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines. 200
Example3-6 Design of a Time-Division Multiplexer. 201
TDM Hierarchy. 203
The TI PCM System. 205
3-10 Pulse Time Modulation:Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Poisition Modulation 209
3-11 Summary 210
3-12 Study-Aid Examples 214
Problems 217
4 BANDPASS SIGNALING PRINCIPLES AND CIRCUITS 226
4-1 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms 226
Definitions:Baseband,Bandpass,and Modulation. 227
Complex Eavelope Representafion. 228
4-2 Representation of Modulated Signals 229
4-3 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals 230
4-4 Evaluation of Power 233
Example4-1 Amplitude-Modulated Signal. 234
4-5 Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion 236
Equivatem Low-Pass Filter. 236
Linear Distortion. 238
4-6 Bandpass Sampling Theorem 240
4-7 Received Signal Plus Noise 241
4-8 Classification of Filters and Amplifiers 242
Filters. 242
Amplifiers. 246
4-9 Nonlinear Distortion 247
4-10 Limiters 252
4-11 Mixers.Up Converters,and Down Converters 253
4-12 Frequency Multipliers 259
4-13 Detector Circuits 261
Envelope Detector. 261
Product Detector. 262
Frequency Modulation Detector. 264
4-14 Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers 269
4-15 Direct Digital Synthesis 276
4-16 Transmitters and Receivers 277
Generalized Transmitters. 277
Generalized Receiver,The Superheterodyne Receiver. 279
Exampl4-2 AM Broadcust Superheterodyne Receiver. 281
4-17 Summary 283
4-18 Study-Aid Examples 283
Problems 288
5 AM,FM,AND DIGITAL MODULATED SYSTEMS 295
5-1 Amplitude Modulation 296
Example5-1 Power of an AM Sigual. 299
5-2 AM Broadcast Technical Standards 301
5-3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier 302
5-4 Custas Loop and Squaring Loop 303
5-5 Asymmetric Sideband Signals 304
Single Sideband. 304
Vestigial Sideband. 308
5-6 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation 311
Representation of PM and FM signals 311
Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals. 315
Example5-2 Spectrum of a PM or FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modutation. 316
Narrowband Angle Modulation. 321
Wideband Frequeney Modulation. 322
Example5-3 Spectrum for WBFM with Triangular Modulation. 323
Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angte-Modulated Systems. 325
5-7 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo 326
5-8 FM and Noise Reduction Standards 329
FM Broudcust Technical Standards. 329
Dolby and DBX Noise Reduction Systems. 329
5-9 Binary Modulated Bandpass Signaling 332
On-Off Keying (OOK), 332
Binary-Phase Shift Keying(BPSK). 336
Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK). 337
Frequency-Shift Keying(FSK). 338
Example5-4 Spectrum of the Bell-Type 103 FSK Modem. 339
5-10 Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling 345
Qundrature Phase-Shift (QPSK)Keying andM-ary Phase-Shift Keying(MPSK). 345
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM), 346
Power Spectral Density for Mpsk and QAM. 349
5-11 Minimum-Shift Keying(MSK) 352
5-12 Spread Spectrum Systems 357
Direct Sequence. 358
Frequency Hopping. 364
5-13 Summary 366
5-14 Study-Aid Examples 366
Problems 369
6 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 381
6-1 Some Basic Definitions 382
Random Pmcesses, 382
Stationarity and Ergodicity. 383
Example6-1 First-Order Stationarity. 383
Example6-2 Ergodic Random Process. 385
Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity. 386
Complex Random Processes. 390
6-2 Power Spectral Density 391
Definition. 391
Wiener-Khintchine Theorem 392
Properties of the PSD, 395
Example6-3 Evaluction of the PSD for a Ploar Baseband Signal. 395
Generul Formula for the PSD of Digital Signals 399
White Noise Processes. 402
Measurement of PSD. 403
6-3 De and Rms Values for Ergodic RandomProcesses 404
6-4 Linear Systems 406
Input-Output Relationships. 406
Example6-4 Output Autocorrelation and PSD for an RC Low-Pass Filter, 409
Example6-5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio at the Outpul of an RC Low-Pass Filter. 410
6-5 Bandwidth Measures 411
Equivatent Bandwidth. 411
Rms Bandwidth. 411
Example6-6 Equivalent Bandwidth and Rms Bandwidth for od RC LPF. 413
6-6 The Gaussian Random Process 413
Propenies of Gamssion Processes. 415
Example6-7 White Gaussian Noise Prcess. 417
6-7 Bandpass Processes 418
Bandpass Represemations. 418
Propenies of WSS Bandpass Processes. 421
Example6-8 Spectra for the Quadrature Compenents of White Bandpuss Noise. 424
Example6-9 PSD for a BPSK Signal, 424
Proofs of Some Properties. 425
Example 6-10 PDF for the Envelope and Phase Functions of a Gaussion Bandpass Process. 428
6-8 Matched Filters 430
General Results. 430
Results for White Noise. 433
Example6-11 Integrate-and -Dump(Matched)Filter, 434
Correlution Processing. 437
Example6-12 Matched Filter for Detection of a BPSK Signal. 437
Transversal Matched Filter. 438
6-9 Summary 441
6-10 Appendix:Proof of Schwars s Inequality 443
6-11 Study-Aid Examples 446
Problems 448
7 PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CORRUPTED BY NOISE 458
7-1 Error Probabilities for Binay Signaling 459
General Results. 459
Results for Gaussion Noise. 461
Resulos for White Gaussion Noise and Matched-Filter Reception. 463
Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception, 464
7-2 Performance of Baseband Binary Systems 465
Unipotar Signaling. 465
Polar Signaling. 467
Bipolar Signaling. 468
7-3 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals 470
On-Off Keying. 470
Binary-Phase-Shift Keying. 472
Prequener-Shift Keying. 473
7-4 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals 476
On-Off Keyign. 477
Frequeney Shift Keying. 480
Differential Phase-Shift Keying. 482
7-5 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying 484
7-6 Comparison of Digital Signaling Systems 487
Bit Error Rate and Bandwidth. 487
Synchrunization. 489
7-7 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems 490
7-8 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems 495
Comparison with Baseband Systems/ 496
AM Systems with Product Detection. 497
AM Systems with Envelope Detection. 498
DSB-SC Systems. 499
SSB Systems. 500
PM Systems. 501
FM Systems. 505
FM Systems with Threshold Extension 508
FM Systems with Deemphasis. 509
7-9 Comparison of Analog Signaling Systems 511
Ideal System Performance. 514
7-10 Summary 515
7-11 Study-Aid Examples 515
Problems 524
8 CASE STUDIES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 533
8-1 Telecommunication Systems 534
Time-Division Multiplexing. 534
Frequency-Division Multiptexing. 534
8-2 Telephone Systems 536
Historical Basis. 536
Modem Tlephone Systems and Remote Tenninals . 536
8-3 Integrated Service Digital Network 543
8-4 Capacities of Public Switched Telepone Networks 547
8-5 Satellite Communication Systems 547
Digital and Analog Television Transmission 551
Data and Telephone Signal Multiple Access. 553
Example8-1 Fixed Assigned Multiple-Access Mode Using an FDMA Format, 554
Example8-2 SPADE System, 555
Personal Communications via Satellite. 559
8-6 Link Budget Analysis 560
Signal Power Received. 561
Thermal Noise Soercs. 563
Characterization of Noise Sources, 564
Nois Characterization of Linear Devices, 565
Example8-3 T and F for a Transmission Line. 569
Noise Characterization of Cascaded Linear Dtyices, 570
Link Budget Evatuation, 572
Eb/Na Link Budget for Digital Systems. 574
Example8-4 Link Badget Evaluation for a Television Receive Only Terminat for Satellite Signals. 575
8-7 Fiber Optic Systems 580
Example8-5 Link Budget for a Fiber Optic System. 581
8-8 Cellular Telephone Systems 582
8-9 Television 589
Black-and-White Television. 589
MTS Stereo Sound. 596
Color Television. 596
Standards for TV and CATV Systems. 601
8-10 Summary 609
8-11 Study-Aid Examples 609
Problems 614
APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES,IDENTTTIES, AND TABLES 620
A-1 Trigonomerty 620
Definitions, 620
Trigonometrie Identities. 620
A-2 Differential Calculus 621
Definifion, 621
Differentiation Rules, 621
Derivative Table, 622
A-3 Indeterminate Forms 623
A-4 Integral Calculus 623
Definition, 623
Integration Techniques, 623
A-5 Integral Tables 623
indefinite Integrals . 623
Definite Integrals, 626
A-6 Series Expansions 627
Finite Series, 627
Infinite Series, 628
A-7 Hilbert Transform Pairs 629
A-8 The Dirac Delta Function 629
Properties of Dirac Delta Function, 630
A-9 Tabulation of Sa(x)=(sinx.)/x 631
A-10 Tabulation of Q(z) 632
APPENDIX B PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES 634
B-1 Introduction 634
B-2 Sets 635
B-3 Probability and Relative Frequency 636
Simple Probability, 636
Join Probabiliry. 637
ExampleB-1 Evaluation of Probubilities, 637
ExampleB-1 (Continued), 638
Condinonat Probabilities, 638
ExampleB-1 (Continued), 638
B-4 Random Variables 639
ExampleB-2 Random Variable, 639
B-5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Density Functions 639
ExamlpeB-2 (Continued), 641
Properties of CDFs and PDFs, 642
Discrete and Continuous Distributions, 642
ExampleB-3 A Contimuous Distribution 642
ExampleB-3 (Continued), 644
B-6 Ensemble Average and Moments 646
Ensemble Average, 646
ExampleB-4 Evaluation of an Average, 647
Moments, 647
B-7 Examples of Important Distributions 649
Binontiol Distribution, 649
Poisson Distribution, 652
Uniform Distribution, 652
Gaussion Distribution, 653
Sinusoidal Distribution, 657
B-8 Functional Transformations of Random Variables 658
ExampleB-5 Sinusoidal Distribution, 659
ExampleB-6 PDF for the Output of a Diode Characteristic, 660
B-9 Multivariate Statistics 663
Multivariate CDFx and PDFx, 663
Bivnriate Statistics, 665
Camssian Bivariate Distribution, 666
Multivariate Functional Transformation, 666
ExampleB-7 PDF for the Sun of Two Random Variables, 667
Central Limil Theorem, 669
ExampleB-8 PDF for the Sun of Three independent Uniformtly Disiributed Random Variables, 669
Problems 670
APPENDIX C STANDARDS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS 677
C-1 Codes 677
Baudot, 677
ASCII, 678
C-2 DTE/DCE and Ethernet Interface Standards 678
Current Loop, 680
Rs-232C,RS-422A,RS-449,and RS-530 interfaces, 680
Centronics Parallel Interface, 681
IEEE-488Interface, 681
Ethernet(IEEE802.3)Interface, 684
C-3 The ISO OSI Network Model 686
C-4 Data Link Control Protocols 690
BISYNC. 690
SDLC. 690
HDLC. 690
CCITTX.25 Protocol, 691
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), 692
C-5 Modem Standards 693
C-6 Brief Computer Communications Glossary 698
REFERENCES 703
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 714
INDEX 720