UNIT 1 Introduction 1
Ⅰ Description of Translation Course 1
Ⅱ What Is Translation? 4
Ⅲ Historical Review 7
Ⅳ Theoretical Divergences and Different Translations 12
Reflections and Practice 19
UNIT 2 Mismatch 24
Ⅰ Reviewing What Translation Is 25
Ⅱ Mismatches and Poor-practice 26
i Mismatches 28
ii Mismatches in Tsinghua University English Proficiency Test Ⅰ 37
iii Mismatches in Tsinghua University English Proficiency Test Ⅱ 39
iv Matches and mismatches in grade eight test for English majors 40
Ⅲ Chewing Process in Translating 44
Ⅳ Mismatch on Purpose 48
Ⅴ How to Avoid Unacceptable Mismatches? 51
Reflections and Practice 52
UNIT 3 Translation Norm 56
Ⅰ Issues 57
Ⅱ Who or What Are the Authorities? 58
i The ring of philosophy 58
ii The ring of linguistics 60
iii The ring of culture 61
iv Translation proper 63
Ⅲ Meta-theory and Indefinite Outputs in Translation 67
Ⅳ Translation Skills and Cases 68
Ⅴ Some Trade Ethics:Top 8 Lessons for Translators 73
Reflections and Practice 75
UNIT 4 The Minimal Translation Unit:Diction 83
Ⅰ The Magic of Words:Arbitrariness vs.Iconicity 84
Ⅱ Eight Approaches to Translate at Word Level 91
i Image-based characters 91
ii Symbol-based translation 92
iii Sound-based translation or transliteration 92
iv Free translation 93
v Literary translation 94
vi Translation with substituted cultural images 94
vii Explanation 95
viii Zero translation 96
Ⅲ Easily Confused E-C and C-E Word Level Correspondence 96
Ⅳ Translatable vs.Untranslatable 100
Ⅴ Canonization 102
Reflections and Practice 103
UNIT 5 The Principle of Causality 112
Ⅰ Causal Relationship 113
Ⅱ Causal Sequence 114
Ⅲ The Causal Model:"Because-therefore"Information Sequence in Chinese 117
Ⅳ Application of the Principle of Causality 121
Reflections and Practice 123
UNIT 6 The Principle of Sequence 129
Ⅰ Adverbial Clause of Time 131
Ⅱ Adverbial Clause of Condition 135
Ⅲ Adverbial Clause of Purpose 137
Ⅳ Adverbial Clause of Concession 139
Ⅴ Deductive vs.Inductive 140
Reflections and Practice 143
UNIT 7 The Principle of Size and the Principle of Importance 148
Ⅰ The Principle of Size 149
i Subordinate clause is before main clause in Chinese 151
ii Antecedent as a form subject in English should not be translated 152
iii More application with the principle of size 153
Ⅱ The Principle of Importance 155
i Which is important:time or place? 156
ii More spatial orders 157
iii Psychological orders 158
Reflections and Practice 160
UNIT 8 The Principle of Rhythm and Rhyme and the Principle of Parallel Coupling 166
Ⅰ The Principle of Rhythm and Rhyme 166
Ⅱ The Principle of Parallel Coupling 177
Ⅲ Poetry Translation Appreciation 184
Reflections and Practice 188
UNIT 9 The Principle of Phrase Coagulation and the Principle of Abstract and Concrete 193
Ⅰ The Principle of Phrase Coagulation 194
i Syntactic adjustments from Chinese into English 195
ii Syntactic adjustments from English into Chinese 200
Ⅱ The Cause of Abstraction and Specification 201
i Noun-centered English vs.verb-centered Chinese 201
ii Static vs.dynamic 201
iii English modification and Chinese predication 202
iv Subject-prominent English vs.topic-prominent Chinese 203
v On predicate 205
vi English in tree structure vs.Chinese in bamboo structure 207
Ⅲ The Principle in Dealing with Cases of Abstract and Concrete 209
i Abstraction vs.specification 210
ii Specification by turning abstract subjects into attributives,predicates or predicatives 210
iii Specification by adding a specific noun to the abstract noun 211
iv Specification by adding a noun to the specific noun 212
v Specification by adding a verb to noun or adjecfive 213
Reflections and Practice 214
UNIT 10 Logical Connotation in Tenses,Articles,Moods,Negation and Punctuation 221
Ⅰ Different People,Different Feelings,Different Presentation 222
Ⅱ Sequential Time vs.Synchronic Time 224
Ⅲ Physical and Virtual Space 227
Ⅳ Definite and Indefinite Articles in Translation 229
Ⅴ Negation ＆ Affirmation 231
Ⅵ Punctuation 234
Reflections and Practice 235
UNIT 11 Translation of Literature 240
Ⅰ Humanity 242
Ⅱ Ideological Attitude 243
Ⅲ Manipulative Nature of Language 249
Ⅳ Sense and Sensitivity 251
Ⅴ Some Translation Approaches 254
i To be graceful in translating 255
ii To be logical in translating 257
Ⅵ Title Translation 268
Reflections and Practice 269
UNIT 12 Translation of Scientific Writings 273
Ⅰ Art and Science 274
Ⅱ English of Science and Technology 277
i English technical terms 279
ii Specialize 280
Ⅲ Characteristic Syntax of EST and Translation 280
i Splitting the long and complicated sentences 280
ii Merging 282
iii The post-position of the attributive 289
iv Complex compounds 290
v Extensive use of impersonal passive voice 294
vi More non-finite forms of the verb 301
vii Different uses of the tense 301
Ⅳ Logic-based translation in science and technology 302
Reflections and Practice 316
UNIT 13 Translation of Advertisement 326
Ⅰ Duality in Advertisement 327
Ⅱ Quality of Advertisement 331
i Easy to remember 331
ii Advertisement by a model copy 332
Ⅲ Domestication of Advertisement 333
Ⅳ Stylistic Features in Advertisement 333
i Positive adjectives 333
ii Strange coined words for curiosity 334
iii Violation of grice paradigm at surface but abiding in practice 334
iv Acronym and complex compound words 335
v Either graceful or colloquial 335
vi More shorter sentences 336
vii More parataxis 336
viii More ellipsis 336
ix More imperatives 336
x More active voice and present tense 337
xi Rhetorical means 337
Ⅴ Soft-sale Advertisement 339
Ⅵ Hard-sale Advertisement 340
Ⅶ Lonely Hcarts Ads 341
Reflections and Practice 344
UNIT 14 Discourse Contrast of English and Chinese in Letter Correspondence 348
Ⅰ Thinking Contrast 348
Ⅱ Making Sense of Letters 350
i A covering letter 350
ii A covering letter in better format 351
iii A personal statement 351
iv A recommendation letter 359
v A case from Radio Australia 361
vi A case from mitch 363
vii The fire ignited by English 364
viii Formal letter to an editor 365
ix Transfer application 366
Reflections and Practice 371
UNIT 15 From Translation to Interpretation 392
Ⅰ The Difference between Translation and Interpretation 392
Ⅱ Training for Professional Interpreting and Note-taking 393
Ⅲ Simultaneous Interpreting vs.Speech Making 396
Ⅳ Practical Cases from CCTV 05-07 398
Ⅴ Interpreting Jokes and Speeches 404
Reflections and Practice 414
Appendix Keys to Reflections and Practice 422
Bibliography 491