Part One 2
CHAPTER ONE Introduction 2
1.1 What is language? 2
1.2 Design features of language 2
1.2.1 Arbitrariness 3
1.2.2 Duality 3
1.2.3 Creativity 4
1.2.4 Displacement 4
1.2.5 Cultural Transmission 5
1.3 Functions of language 5
1.4 What is linguistics? 6
1.5 Scope of linguistics 6
1.6 Some important distinctions in linguistics 8
1.6.1 Descriptive ＆ Prescriptive 8
1.6.2 Synchronic ＆ Diachronic 8
1.6.3 Langue ＆ Parole 9
1.6.4 Competence ＆ Performance 9
Study questions 10
CHAPTER TWO Speech Sounds 11
2.1 Phonetics 11
2.1.1 Classification of English consonants 12
2.1.2 Classification of English Vowels 16
2.2 Orthographic representation of speech sounds——broad and narrow transcriptions 18
Study questions 18
CHAPTER THREE Phonology 20
3.1 Phonemes 20
3.2 Phones and Allophones 21
3.3 Phonemic contrast,Complementary distribution,and Minimal pair 22
3.4 Syllables and clusters 23
3.5 Prosodic phonology and Suprasegmental phonology 24
3.6 Co-articulation effects 26
3.6.1 Assimilation 26
3.6.2 Elision 27
3.6.3 Dissimilation 28
Study questions 28
CHAPTER FOUR Morphology—Structure of Words 29
4.1 Open class and closed class 29
4.2 Morphology 29
4.2.1 Morphemes 30
4.2.2 Morphs and allomorphs 31
4.2.3 Morpheme and phoneme 32
4.3 Morphemic structure and phonological structure 32
4.4 Word formation 33
4.4.1 Derivation 33
4.4.2 Compounding 33
4.4.3 Inflection 34
4.4.4 Borrowing words 34
4.4.5 Blending 34
4.4.6 Abbreviation 35
4.4.7 Acronym 35
4.4.8 Back formation 36
Study questions 36
CHAPTER FIVE Syntax—Sentence Patterns 37
5.1 The traditional approach 38
5.1.1 Concord and government 38
5.2 The structural approach 39
5.2.1 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations 39
5.2.2 Symbols used in syntactic description 41
5.2.3 Labeled tree diagrams 42
5.2.4 Phrase structure rules 43
5.2.5 Recursion 44
5.3 The generative approach 44
5.3.1 Noam Chomsky 44
5.3.2 Transformational rules 46
5.4 The functional approach 48
5.4.1 Functional sentence perspective 48
5.4.2 Systemic-Functional grammar 49
Study questions 51
CHAPTER SIX Discourse Analysis 52
6.1 Historical development of discourse analysis 52
6.2 Definition of discourse analysis 53
6.3 Basic framework for the study of discourse 54
6.3.1 Language as System and as Activity 54
6.3.2 Language use with Purpose and Function 56
6.3.3 Language in Situation 57
6.3.4 Community Context 59
6.4 Cohesion 60
6.4.1 Reference 61
6.4.2 Substitution 62
6.4.3 Ellipsis 63
6.4.4 Conjunction 63
6.4.5 Lexical cohesion 64
6.4.6 Lexical net 65
6.5 Coherence 66
Study questions 67
CHAPTER SEVEN Semantics 68
7.1 The meaning of"meaning" 68
7.2 Some views concerning the study of meaning 69
7.2.1 The naming theory 69
7.2.2 The conceptualist view 69
7.2.3 Behaviorism 70
7.3 Word meaning 70
7.4 Conceptual vs.associative meaning 71
7.5 Sense relations 71
7.5.1 Synonymy 72
7.5.2 Antonymy 72
7.5.3 Polysemy 73
7.5.4 Hyponymy 74
7.5.5 Prototypes 74
7.6 Sense relations between sentences 75
7.6.1 Entailment 75
7.6.2 Presupposition 76
7.6.3 Synonymy 76
7.6.4 Contradiction 76
7.6.5 Tautology 76
7.6.6 Inconsistency 76
7.6.7 Anomaly 76
7.7 Analysis of meaning—semantic features 77
7.7.1 Componential analysis 78
7.7.2 Predicational analysis 78
Study questions 79
CHAPTER EIGHT Pragmatics 81
8.1 Sentence meaning vs.discourse meaning 81
8.2 Presupposition 82
8.3 Speech events 82
8.4 Speech act theory 83
8.5 The theory of conversational implicature 85
8.5.1 Cooperative Principle(CP) 85
8.5.2 Politeness Principle(PP) 87
8.6 Conversational interaction 87
Study questions 89
CHAPTER NINE Ianguage,Culture and Society 90
9.1 Language and culture 90
9.1.1 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 91
9.2 Language and society 92
9.2.1 Speech community and speech variety 92
9.2.2 Varieties of language 93
9.2.3 Register 96
9.2.4 Standard dialect 97
9.2.5 Pidgin and Creole 97
9.2.6 Bilingualism and diglossia 98
Study questions 99
CHAPTER TEN First Language Acquisition 100
10.1 Theories of child language acquisition 100
10.1.1 A behaviorist view of language acquisition 100
10.1.2 An innatist view of language acquisition 100
10.1.3 An interactionist view of language acquisition 102
10.2 Language environment and the Critical Period Hypothesis 103
10.3 Stages in child language development 104
10.3.1 Phonological development 104
10.3.2 The one-word or holophrastic stage 105
10.3.3 Two-word stage 105
10.3.4 Telegraphic stage 106
10.3.5 Atypical Development 106
Study questions 107
CHAPTER EIEVEN Second Language Acquisition 108
11.1 Acquisition and learning 108
11.2 The nature of second language learning 109
11.3 Major L2 learning theories 110
11.3.1 The interlanguage theory 110
11.3.2 Input and output theories 111
11.3.3 Contrastive analysis 111
11.3.4 The affective filter hypothesis 113
11.4 Second language acquisition and its pedagogical implications 114
Study questions 114
CHAPTER TWELVE Modern Linguistics Schools and Theories 115
12.1 Ferdinand de Saussure 115
12.2 The Prague School 116
12.3 Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP) 117
12.4 American structuralism 117
12.5 Transformational-Generative Grammar 118
12.6 Chomsky's innateness hypothesis 119
12.7 The London School 120
12.8 Halliday's functional grammar 120
Part Two 124
第一章 概述 124
本章概述 124
要点分析 125
名词解释 129
参考答案 130
第二章 语音 134
本章概述 134
要点分析 134
名词解释 135
参考答案 136
第三章 音系学 138
本章概述 138
要点分析 139
名词解释 143
参考答案 143
第四章 形态学——单词的结构 146
本章概述 146
要点分析 148
名词解释 151
参考答案 152
第五章 句法学——句子的模式 155
本章概述 155
要点分析 156
名词解释 158
参考答案 158
第六章 话语分析 162
本章概述 162
要点分析 164
名词解释 165
参考答案 165
第七章 语义学 168
本章概述 168
要点分析 170
名词解释 174
参考答案 176
第八章 语用学 179
本章概述 179
要点分析 180
名词解释 185
参考答案 187
第九章 语言、文化与社会 190
本章概述 190
要点分析 192
名词解释 197
参考答案 199
第十章 第一语言习得 201
本章概述 201
要点分析 202
名词解释 204
参考答案 207
第十一章 第二语言习得 210
本章概述 210
要点分析 211
名词解释 212
参考答案 214
第十二章 现代语言学流派与理论 217
本章概述 217
要点分析 218
Glossary 224
语言学主要术语英汉对照表 224
语言学主要术语汉英对照表 268
References 282