CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 What is science 1
1.1.1 The scientific method is essential to scientific English 1
1.1.2 Fields of science:is scientific English essential for you 3
1.1.3 Pure/applied and academic/industrial sciences 4
1.2 Why learn scientific English 5
1.2.1 Will you or do you make scientific contribution to society 5
1.2.2 Communication of science 6
1.2.3 Scientific English is not the same as common academic English 8
1.3 Aims and objectives of the book 11
CHAPTER 2 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENGLISH AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE 14
2.1 Old and modern English 14
2.2 Impact of science and Latin/Greek on English 15
2.3 There are differences between British English and American English 24
2.3.1 What is American English 24
2.3.2 Differences in pronunciation and spelling 25
2.3.3 Never use informal words and phrases in science 26
2.4 How did"Chinglish"come about 27
CHAPTER 3 WORD ROOTS AND PARTS 30
3.1 Knowing word roots can help you with scientific English 30
3.2 Many common words are formed using prefixes and suffixes 31
3.3 Many science words are formed using prefixes and suffixes 34
3.3.1 Some disciplines use certain prefixes frequently 34
3.3.2 Some prefixes are common to all science disciplines 38
3.3.3 Many science words are formed using suffixes 45
3.3.4 Suffixes that determine the part of speech 47
3.3.5 Plural suffixes can be different in science words 49
3.4 Many adjectives come from Latin 52
3.5 Other word roots useful to science 52
3.6 Exercises 56
CHAPTER 4 SCIENTIFIC ACADEMIC SPEAKING 59
4.1 Correct pronunciation of scientific words 59
4.1.1 Pronunciation:why speaking is as important as writing 59
4.1.2 How to stress syllables and words correctly 62
4.2 Sentence stress is important also 67
4.3 The effect of intonation on conveying meaning 68
4.4 Other pronunciation problems for the Chinese 70
4.5 How much vocabulary do I need 73
4.5.1 Remember that an English word can have multiple meanings 73
4.5.2 Never take word definitions from a dictionary for granted 74
4.5.3 Typical words all Chinese scientists should know 75
4.6 Answering to negative questions 81
4.7 When to use singular and plural words in speaking 83
4.8 Exercises 85
CHAPTER 5 SCIENTIFIC ACADEMIC LISTENING 91
5.1 Bad English-class listening habits and how to rectify them 91
5.2 How to get the best out of listening to instructions 95
5.3 Do you know how to take notes in English 96
5.4 Important English markers that connect phrases and sentences 101
5.4.1 How to look for markers when listening 101
5.4.2 Clauses containing"if"can cause problems to the Chinese listener 103
5.4.3 How to distinguish between facts and opinions when listening 104
5.5 Listening comprehension during conversation 105
5.6 Exercises 106
CHAPTER 6 SCIENTIFIC ACADEMIC READING FOR UNDERSTANDING 109
6.1 How to improve your vocabulary for reading comprehension 109
6.2 How to deal with difficult sentences 114
6.3 Do not forget to take and make notes when reading 119
6.4 How to concentrate and remember what you read in textbooks written in English 124
6.5 Scientific research-paper format and its role in communication 127
6.5.1 The scientific-paper format 127
6.5.2 Questions you could ask when reading a scientific paper 128
6.6 Do not memorise word by word 135
6.7 Exercises 135
CHAPTER 7 SCIENTIFIC ACADEMIC WRITING 139
7.1 Writing a scientific report 140
7.1.1 The research paper format 140
7.1.2 Writing format for different types of reports 144
7.1.3 Suggestions on how to start writing a paper 145
7.2 Style of writing 145
7.3 Difficulties with grammar for a Chinese student 147
7.4 Personal pronouns and their associated verb forms 148
7.5 Singular and plural subjects and their verb forms—again 150
7.5.1 Singular nouns can become plural nouns—so why the confusion 150
7.5.2 There are nouns that are singular only or plural only 152
7.5.3 Can nouns which do not have plural forms be made plural 153
7.5.4 Are collective nouns singular and plural 156
7.5.5 Confusion about using whether singular or plural forms in sentences 158
7.6 Misuse of"many"and"much"by Chinese students 159
7.7 Confusion about positioning adverbs in a sentence 160
7.8 Should I use past or present tense when writing papers 161
7.9 Chinese writers too often choose the wrong words 164
7.9.1 Unnecessary phrases commonly used by Chinese students 164
7.9.2 Chinese writers commonly misuse"the" 166
7.9.3 Chinese writers commonly misuse"respectively" 170
7.9.4 Inappropriate use of"such as","etc."and"and so on" 172
7.9.5 Use of"which"or"that" 173
7.10 How to deal with double negatives 175
7.11 Numbers:numerals or spell out the word 176
7.12 So you think you know how to use punctuation marks 178
7.12.1 Are you really using commas correctly 178
7.12.2 How to use apostrophes(')correctly in scientific writing 182
7.12.3 Chinese writers often capitalise letters inappropriately 183
7.12.4 Punctuation concerning word abbreviations 185
7.12.5 Hyphens(-)can be useful in writing 190
7.12.6 The true functions of dashes(-) 195
7.12.7 The true functions of brackets,colon,semicolon,and the slash 196
7.12.8 Rules for spacing between punctuations and wordsin scientific writing 199
7.13 The problem of sentence structure for Chinese writers 200
7.13.1 How to make simple sentences and put them together 201
7.13.2 Effect of prefacing the main idea of a sentence 204
7.13.3 Chinese authors often write sentences that are too long 205
7.14 More advanced scientific writing 206
7.14.1 Summary on how to be concise 206
7.14.2 How to make sentences precise and not ambiguous 215
7.14.3 How to make sentences clearer 220
7.14.4 How to make sentences and paragraphs more objective 224
7.14.5 Consistency is important in science 226
7.15 It is unacceptable to plagiarise 231
7.15.1 What is plagiarism and why should Chinese writers care 231
7.15.2 Paraphrasing can be used to avoid plagiarism 232
7.15.3 When to cite and when not to cite 233
7.16 Exercises 235
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 242
GLOSSARY 258
INDEX 265
第1章 绪论 1
1.1 什么是科学 1
1.1.1 科学方法是科技英语的基础 1
1.1.2 科技英语对你重要吗 3
1.1.3 基础科学与应用科学 4
1.2 为什么要学习科技英语 5
1.2.1 你为社会作出了科学上的贡献吗 5
1.2.2 科学领域的交流 6
1.2.3 科技英语不同于一般的专业英语 8
1.3 本书的写作目的 11
第2章 英语的不同类型及它们与科学语言的关系 14
2.1 英语简史 14
2.2 科学与拉丁文／希腊文对英语的影响 15
2.3 英国英语与美国英语 24
2.3.1 什么是美国英语 24
2.3.2 认清英国英语与美国英语发音与拼写中的差别 25
2.3.3 不要在科学语言中使用不正式的词与短语 26
2.4 中国式英语是怎样产生的 27
第3章 科技英语的词根与基本词汇 30
3.1 了解词根与基本词汇有助于你了解科技英语 30
3.2 许多日常词汇是由前缀与后缀构成的 31
3.3 科技英语中由前缀与后缀构成的词汇 34
3.3.1 一些学科使用频率较多的前缀 34
3.3.2 适合所有科学的前缀 38
3.3.3 许多学科的词汇由后缀构成 45
3.3.4 后缀改变词性 47
3.3.5 科学词汇中的复数后缀是不同的 49
3.4 许多形容词来自拉丁文 52
3.5 科学词汇用得较多的其他词根 52
3.6 习题 56
第4章 科技专业英语的口语表达 59
4.1 科技词汇的正确发音 59
4.1.1 为什么科技英语的说与写同样重要 59
4.1.1 如何处理音节与词汇的重读 62
4.2 句子的重读同样重要 67
4.3 语调对表达意思的影响 68
4.4 中国学生发音的其他问题 70
4.5 你需要多少词汇 73
4.5.1 记住：一个英语单词有多种意思 73
4.5.2 不要认为字典的解释在什么时候都是对的 74
4.5.3 中国学者应该知道的典型词汇 75
4.6 如何回答否定疑问句 81
4.7 在说话中什么时候用单、复数 83
4.8 习题 85
第5章 科技英语的听力 91
5.1 如何克服不好的听力习惯 91
5.2 如何更好地通过听去学习 95
5.3 如何在听的时候做英语笔记 96
5.4 连接短语与句子的重要标记 101
5.4.1 如何在听的时候寻找标记 101
5.4.2 “if”短语是中国学生听力的重要问题 103
5.4.3 在听的过程中如何区别事实与观点 104
5.5 在对话中的听力理解 105
5.6 习题 106
第6章 科技英语的阅读理解 109
6.1 如何看待词汇与阅读理解的关系 109
6.2 如何理解难句 114
6.3 在阅读过程中要做笔记及理顺笔记 119
6.4 如何提炼与记住阅读的主要内容 124
6.5 科学研究论文的格式及它在交流中的作用 127
6.5.1 科学研究论文的格式 127
6.5.2 在看科技论文时可以提出什么问题 128
6.6 要理解而不是死记硬背你阅读的内容 135
6.7 习题 135
第7章 科技英语的写作 139
7.1 写科学研究论文 140
7.1.1 写作前要了解科学研究论文的写作格式 140
7.1.2 不同类型的报告有不同的写作格式要求 144
7.1.3 如何开始写一篇论文 145
7.2 写作风格 145
7.3 中国学生的语法难点 147
7.4 人称代词及搭配的动词 148
7.5 单数主语和复数主语与搭配的动词 150
7.5.1 不要错用名词单、复数 150
7.5.2 一些名词只有单数或者复数 152
7.5.3 没有复数形式的名词可表示复数吗 153
7.5.4 集合名词是否可表示单、复数 156
7.5.5 如何在句子中使用单、复数的困惑 158
7.6 中国学生对“many”与“much”的误用 159
7.7 如何确定副词在句子中的位置 160
7.8 在写论文时如何确定用过去时还是现在时 161
7.9 要注意经常用错的单词 164
7.9.1 不要用太多复杂单词及不必要的短语 164
7.9.2 不要误用“the” 166
7.9.3 在没有反映顺序关系时不要用“respectively” 170
7.9.4 “such as”，“etc．”与“and so on”的误用 172
7.9.5 “which”和“that”的用法 173
7.10 如何处理双重否定句子 175
7.11 数目：用数字表示还是用单词表示 176
7.12 如何使用标点符号 178
7.12.1 如何正确使用逗号分开句子 178
7.12.2 如何正确使用撇号（’） 182
7.12.3 中国学生经常不当使用大写字母 183
7.12.4 要明白在缩写词与测量单位中是否要使用标点符号 185
7.12.5 连字号（-）在写作中是很有用的 190
7.12.6 破折号的作用 195
7.12.7 不要误用或不用括号、冒号、分号、斜线 196
7.12.8 科技英语写作中标点符号与文字间空格的规则 199
7.13 关于句子结构的问题 200
7.13.1 如何写出简单的名子并使其组织在一起 201
7.13.2 不要在写作时总是先说明原因或目的 204
7.13.3 中国作者经常使用过长的句子 205
7.14 高级科技英语写作 206
7.14.1 如何写得简洁 206
7.14.2 如何使句子精确而不模棱两可 215
7.14.3 如何使句子更清楚 220
7.14.4 如何使句子或段落表达的意思更客观 224
7.14.5 一致性是科学的重要原则 226
7.15 剽窃是不能被接受的 231
7.15.1 什么是剽窃和为什么剽窃易被忽略 231
7.15.2 改写能有效避免剽窃 232
7.15.3 什么时候该引用而什么时候不需要引用 233
7.16 习题 235
习题答案 242
词汇表 258
名词索引 265