Introduction 1
1 The background of the research 1
2 The research purposes and significance 7
3 The research methodology and data collection 9
4 The organization of this book 11
Chapter 1 Previous Studies of Speech Verbs and Evaluation 13
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 The definition of speech verbs 14
1.3 Four major approaches to speech verbs 16
1.3.1 The first major approach:the traditional approach 16
1.3.2 The second major approach:Speech Act Theory 18
1.3.3 The third major approach:statistics 20
1.3.4 The fourth major approach:Systemic Functional Grammar 24
1.4 Two major approaches to evaluation 30
1.4.1 The philosophical approach 31
1.4.2 The linguistic approach 34
1.4.3 Two major linguistic frameworks of evaluation 41
1.5 The shortcomings of previous studies 54
1.6 Summary 56
Chapter 2 Speech Verbs and the Reporting Nature 58
2.1 Introduction 58
2.2 A new classification of speech verbs 59
2.3 The syntactic properties of speech verbs 66
2.3.1 The addresser:Sayer 66
2.3.2 The addressee:Receiver 67
2.3.3 Sentence frames 68
2.3.4 "Wh-"words 70
2.4 The reporting nature of speech verbs 71
2.4.1 Speech verbs and reporting 72
2.4.2 Direct speech and indirect speech 79
2.4.3 The performative function of reporting 83
2.5 The performances of speech verbs 85
2.5.1 Speech verbs and a speaker/writer's responsibility 86
2.5.2 Speech verbs as hearsay markers 88
2.6 Summary 90
Chapter 3 Metaphoric Evaluation 91
3.1 Introduction 91
3.2 Grammatical metaphor:the basis of metaphoric evaluation 92
3.2.1 Ideational metaphor 93
3.2.2 Interpersonal metaphor 95
3.3 Two motivations of metaphoric evaluation 96
3.3.1 Speech verbs'features of expressing evaluative meanings 97
3.3.2 Realizing interpersonal metaphor through speech verbs 103
3.4 The topological interpretation of interpersonal metaphor 109
3.5 Summary 120
Chapter 4 A Study of Speech Verbs Below the Clause 122
4.1 Introduction 122
4.2 Speech experience and speech verbs 123
4.2.1 From a sequence to a figure 127
4.2.2 From a figure/sequence to an element 128
4.2.3 From a figure to another kind of figure 129
4.3 Two relations of speech verbs'meanings and the software WordNet 131
4.3.1 Entailment 132
4.3.2 Troponymy 136
4.3.3 WordNet:setting up a topological structure of speech verbs 138
4.4 The method of identifying speech verbs'evaluative meanings 144
4.5 Summary 149
Chapter 5 A Study of Speech Verbs Above the Clause and Beyond the Clause 151
5.1 Introduction 151
5.2 Features of speech verbs cross-process and cross-function 152
5.2.1 Verbal and behavioral processes 153
5.2.2 Verbal and mental processes 155
5.2.3 Verbal and relational processes 157
5.3 The evaluative analysis of speech verbs in news reporting:above the clause 158
5.3.1 Words Location:a software designed for this research 159
5.3.2 The cognitive analysis of news reporting's foundation 161
5.3.3 The similarities of news reporting and conversation reporting 163
5.3.4 The analysis of speech verbs in news reporting:above the clause 164
5.4 The evaluative analysis of speech verbs in courtroom discourse:above the clause 177
5.4.1 The evaluative analysis of speech verbs in opening statements 178
5.4.2 The evaluative analysis of speech verbs in direct examinations 182
5.5 The studies of speech verbs beyond the clause 189
5.5.1 The tense of speech verbs and evaluation 190
5.5.2 A case study of say beyond the clause 191
5.6 Summary 194
Conclusion 195
Appendix 1 The Classification of 236 Speech Act Verbs by Wierzbicka 198
Appendix 2 The Senses of Apply Given by WordNet 2.0 202
Appendix 3 The Application of Words Location 204
Appendix 4 Sample Concordance Lines for Say 206
Appendix 5 Data Samples 208
Bibliography 256