《过程控制仪表技术 第8版》PDF下载

  • 购买积分:19 如何计算积分?
  • 作  者:(美)约翰逊著
  • 出 版 社:北京:清华大学出版社
  • 出版年份:2009
  • ISBN:9787302210993
  • 页数:694 页
图书介绍:本书共分为两部分,第一部分为前6章,系统地介绍了控制原理、控制设备和控制系统的基本概念。在测量信号的变换和处理方面,把工业仪表中的模拟电路、可编程控制器(PLC)及信号采集系统中的数字电路结合工业电子学中的基本理论融会贯通加以介绍。

INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS CONTROL 1 1

Instructional Objectives 1 1

1 Introduction 1 1

2 Control Systems 2 1

2.1 Process-Control Principles 1

2.2 Servomechanisms 1

2.3 Discrete-State Control Systems 1

3 Process-Control Block Diagram 6 1

3.1 Identification of Elements 1

3.2 Block Diagram 1

4 Control System Evaluation 10 1

4.1 Stability 1

4.2 Steady-State Regulation 1

4.3 Transient Regulation 1

4.4 Evaluation Criteria 1

5 Analog and Digital Processing 14 1

5.1 Data Representation 1

5.2 ON/OFF Control 1

5.3 Analog Control 1

5.4 Digital Control 1

5.5 Programmable Logic Controllers 1

6 Units,Standards,And Definitions 22 1

6.1 Units 1

6.2 Analog Data Representation 1

6.3 Definitions 1

6.4 Process-Control Drawings 1

7 Sensor Time Response 36 1

7.1 First-Order Response 1

7.2 Second-Order Response 1

8 Significance and Statistics 40 1

8.1 Significant Figures 1

8.2 Statistics 1

Summary 2

Problems 2

Supplementary Problems 2

ANALOG SIGNAL CONDITIONING 53 2

Instructional Objectives 53 2

1 Introduction 53 2

2 Principles of Analog Signal Conditioning 54 2

2.1 Signal-Level and Bias Changes 2

2.2 Linearization 2

2.3 Conversions 2

2.4 Filtering and Impedance Matching 2

2.5 Concept of Loading 2

3 Passive Circuits 58 2

3.1 Divider Circuits 2

3.2 Bridge Circuits 2

3.3 RC Filters 2

4 Operational Amplifiers 83 2

4.1 Op Amp Characteristics 2

4.2 Op Amp Specifications 2

5 OP Amp Circuits in Instrumentation 89 2

5.1 Voltage Follower 2

5.2 Inverting Amplifier 2

5.3 Noninverting Amplifier 2

5.4 Differential Instrumentation Amplifier 2

5.5 Voltage-to-Current Converter 2

5.6 Current-to-Voltage Converter 2

5.7 Integrator 2

5.8 Differentiator 2

5.9 Linearization 2

6 Design Guidelines 102 2

Summary 3

Problems 3

Supplementary Problems 3

DIGITAL SIGNAL CONDITIONING 115 3

Instructional Objectives 115 3

1 Introduction 115 3

2 Review of Digital Fundamentals 116 3

2.1 Digital Information 3

2.2 Fractional Binary Numbers 3

2.3 Boolean Algebra 3

2.4 Digital Electronics 3

2.5 Programmable Logic Controllers 3

2.6 Computer Interface 3

3 Converters 125 3

3.1 Comparators 3

3.2 Digital-to-Analog Converters(DACs) 3

3.3 Analog-to-Digital Converters(ADCs) 3

3.4 Frequency-Based Converters 3

4 Data-Acquisition Systems 155 3

4.1 DAS Hardware 3

4.2 DAS Software 3

5 Characteristics of Digital Data 160 3

5.1 Digitized Value 3

5.2 Sampled Data Systems 3

5.3 Linearization 3

Summary 4

Problems 4

Supplementary Problems 4

THERMAL SENSORS 175 4

Instructional Objectives 175 4

1 Introduction 175 4

2 Definition of Temperature 176 4

2.1 Thermal Energy 4

2.2 Temperature 4

3 Metal Resistance versus Temperature Devices 180 4

3.1 Metal Resistance versus Temperature 4

3.2 Resistance versus Temperature Approximations 4

3.3 Resistance-Temperature Detectors 4

4 Thermistors 189 4

4.1 Semiconductor Resistance versus Temperature 4

4.2 Thermistor Characteristics 4

5 Thermocouples 193 4

5.1 Thermoelectric Effects 4

5.2 Thermocouple Characteristics 4

5.3 Thermocouple Sensors 4

6 Other Thermal Sensors 204 4

6.1 Bimetal Strips 4

6.2 Gas Thermometers 4

6.3 Vapor-Pressure Thermometers 4

6.4 Liquid-Expansion Thermometers 4

6.5 Solid-State Temperature Sensors 4

7 Design Considerations 211 4

Summary 5

Problems 5

Supplementary Problems 5

MECHANICAL SENSORS 223 5

Instructional Objectives 223 5

1 Introduction 223 5

2 Displacement,Location,or Position Sensors 224 5

2.1 Potentiometric Sensors 5

2.2 Capacitive and Inductive Sensors 5

2.3 Vairiable-Reluctance Sensors 5

2.4 Level Sensors 5

3 Strain Sensors 232 5

3.1 Strain and Stress 5

3.2 Strain Gauge Principles 5

3.3 Metal Strain Gauges 5

3.4 Semiconductor Strain Gauges(SGs) 5

3.5 Load Cells 5

4 Motion Sensors 246 5

4.1 Types of Motion 5

4.2 Accelerometer Principles 5

4.3 Types of Accelerometers 5

4.4 Applications 5

5 Pressure Sensors 258 5

5.1 Pressure Principles 5

5.2 Pressure Sensors(p>1 atmosphere) 5

5.3 Pressure Sensors(p>1 atmosphere) 5

6 Flow Sensors 267 5

6.1 Solid-Flow Measurement 5

6.2 Liquid Flow 5

Summary 6

Problems 6

Supplementary Problems 6

OPTICAL SENSORS 285 6

Instructional Objectives 285 6

1 Introduction 285 6

2 Fundamentals of EM Radiation 286 6

2.1 Nature of EM Radiation 6

2.2 Characteristics of Light 6

2.3 Photometry 6

3 Photodetectors 296 6

3.1 Photodetector Characteristics 6

3.2 Photoconductive Detectors 6

3.3 Photovoltaic Detectors 6

3.4 Photodiode Detectors 6

3.5 Photoemissive Detectors 6

4 Pyrometry 311 6

4.1 Thermal Radiation 6

4.2 Broadband Pyrometers 6

4.3 Narrowband Pyrometers 6

5 Optical Sources 316 6

5.1 Conventional Light Sources 6

5.2 Laser Principles 6

6 Applications 322 6

6.1 Label Inspection 6

6.2 Turbidity 6

6.3 Ranging 6

Summary 7

Problems 7

Supplementary Problems 7

FINAL CONTROL 333 7

Instructional Objectives 333 7

1 Introduction 333 7

2 Final Control Operation 334 7

2.1 Signal Conversions 7

2.2 Actuators 7

2.3 Control Element 7

3 Signal Conversions 336 7

3.1 Analog Electrical Signals 7

3.2 Digital Electrical Signals 7

3.3 Pneumatic Signals 7

4 Power Electronics 342 7

4.1 Switching Devices 7

4.2 Controlling Devices 7

5 Actuators 358 7

5.1 Electrical Actuators 7

5.2 Pneumatic Actuators 7

5.3 Hydraulic Actuators 7

6 Control Elements 371 7

6.1 Mechanical 7

6.2 Electrical 7

6.3 Fluid Valves 7

Summary 8

Problems 8

Supplementary Problems 8

DISCRETE-STATE PROCESS CONTROL 387 8

Instructional Objectives 387 8

1 Introduction 387 8

2 Definition of Discrete-State Process Control 388 8

3 Characteristics of the System 389 8

3.1 Discrete-State Variables 8

3.2 Process Specifications 8

3.3 Event Sequence Description 8

4 Relay Controllers and Ladder Diagrams 403 8

4.1 Background 8

4.2 Ladder Diagram Elements 8

4.3 Ladder Diagram Examples 8

5 Programmable Logic Controllers(PLCs) 413 8

5.1 Relay Sequencers 8

5.2 Programmable Logic Controller Design 8

5.3 PLC Operation 8

5.4 Programming 8

5.5 PLC Software Functions 8

Summary 9

Problems 9

Supplementary Problems 9

CONTROLLER PRINCIPLES 439 9

Instructional Objectives 439 9

1 Introduction 439 9

2 Process Characteristics 440 9

2.1 Process Equation 9

2.2 Process Load 9

2.3 Process Lag 9

2.4 Self-Regulation 9

3 Control System Parameters 442 9

3.1 Error 9

3.2 Variable Range 9

3.3 Control Parameter Range 9

3.4 Control Lag 9

3.5 Dead Time 9

3.6 Cycling 9

3.7 Controller Modes 9

4 Discontinuous Controller Modes 448 9

4.1 Two-Position Mode 9

4.2 Multiposition Mode 9

4.3 Floating-Control Mode 9

5 Continuous Controller Modes 457 9

5.1 Proportional Control Mode 9

5.2 Integral-Control Mode 9

5.3 Derivative-Control Mode 9

6 Composite Control Modes 466 9

6.1 Proportional-Integral Control(PI) 9

6.2 Proportional-Derivative Control Mode(PD) 9

6.3 Three-Mode Controller(PID) 9

6.4 Special Terminology 9

Summary 10

Problems 10

Supplementary Problems 10

ANALOG CONTROLLERS 481 10

Instructional Objectives 481 10

1 Introduction 481 10

2 General Features 482 10

2.1 Typical Physical Layout 10

2.2 Front Panel 10

2.3 Side Panel 10

3 Electronic Controllers 483 10

3.1 Error Detector 10

3.2 Single Mode 10

3.3 Composite Controller Modes 10

4 Pneumatic Controllers 500 10

4.1 General Features 10

4.2 Mode Implementation 10

5 Design Considerations 504 10

Summary 11

Problems 11

Supplementary Problems 11

COMPUTER-BASED CONTROL 513 11

Instructional Objectives 513 11

1 Introduction 513 11

2 Digital Applications 514 11

2.1 Alarms 11

2.2 Two-Position Control 11

3 Computer-Based Controller 519 11

3.1 Hardware Configurations 11

3.2 Software Requirements 11

4 Other Computer Applications 533 11

4.1 Data Logging 11

4.2 Supervisory Control 11

5 Control System Networks 540 11

5.1 Development 11

5.2 General Characteristics 11

5.3 Fieldbus Types 11

6 Computer Controller Examples 550 11

Summary 12

Problems 12

Supplementary Problems 12

CONTROL-LOOP CHARACTERISTICS 559 12

Instructional Objectives 559 12

1 Introduction 559 12

2 Control System Configurations 560 12

2.1 Single Variable 12

2.2 Cascade Control 12

3 Multivariable Control Systems 564 12

3.1 Analog Control 12

3.2 Supervisory and Direct Digital Control 12

4 Control System Quality 568 12

4.1 Definition of Quality 12

4.2 Measure of Quality 12

5 Stability 575 12

5.1 Transfer Function Frequency Dependence 12

5.2 Stability Criteria 12

6 Process-Loop Tuning 580 12

6.1 Open-Loop Transient Response Method 12

6.2 Ziegler-Nichols Method 12

6.3 Frequency Response Methods 12