Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1．A survey of the existing studies on language reports 1
1.2．Research objectives of the present study 2
1.3．A brief description of methodology 4
1.3.1．Collection of written texts 5
1.3.2．Collection of natural conversation 5
1.3.3．Data analysis 6
1.4．General organization of the dissertation 6
Chapter 2 Review of the Previous Research 10
2.1．Introduction 10
2.2．Different perspectives on language reports 10
2.2.1．Philosophical investigations 11
2.2.2．Structural approach 14
2.2.3．Lexical approach 15
2.2.4．Stylistic perspective 17
2.2.5．Systemic-functional account 19
2.2.6．Pragmatic perspective 23
2.3．Summary 25
Chapter 3 The Working Definition of Language Reports 26
3.1．Introduction 26
3.2．Studies on language reports:revisited 26
3.3．Functional interpretation of language reports 29
3.3.1．Thompson's definition 30
3.3.2．Thompson's classification 31
3.4．Problems unsolved in Thompson's study 33
3.4.1．Triggering another voice through repeated activation 34
3.4.2．On the scope of Thompson's study 35
3.4.3．Motivations for the reporting of language events 37
3.4.4．Multi-voicedness in language reports 38
3.5．Redefining language reports from a cognitive perspective 40
3.5.1．Language schema 41
3.5.2．Other knowledge structures 45
3.5.3．Working definition:a cognitive perspective 45
3.6．A conceptual framework for the reporting of language events 46
3.7．More on another voice 49
3.8．Summary 52
Chapter 4 Cognitive Analysis of Language Reports 54
4.1．Introduction 54
4.2．Pragmatic grammaticalization and reportive evidentials 55
4.3．Cognitive motivation for reportive passive constructions 56
4.3.1．Point-of-view shift 57
4.3.2．Ideological logic 58
4.4．Iconic view of reported speech 59
4.4.1．Conceptual distance in the reporting of proposals 60
4.4.2．Non-deictic"that"in reported speech 61
4.5．Perspective-taking in syntactic construction of language reports 64
4.5.1．Foregrounding or backgrounding 65
4.5.2．Profile and base 66
4.5.3．Vantage point and empathy 67
4.6．Relevance-theoretical view of reported Speech 68
4.6.1．Cognitive view of context 68
4.6.2．Immediate context and reported speech 69
4.7．Schematic representation of language events 70
4.8．Economical principle in coding 72
4.9．Summary 75
Chapter 5 On Implicit Modes of Language Reporting 77
5.1．Introduction 77
5.2．Allusion as implicit quotation 78
5.2.1．Talk from a story 79
5.2.2．Connectionist analysis of allusions 81
5.2.2.1．Training process:a connectionist view 82
5.2.2.2．Allusion to words 82
5.2.2.3．Allusion to idioms and proverbs.etc 84
5.2.2.4．Voice from poetry,songs,and remarks of celebrities 86
5.2.2.5．Pattern-bound voice 87
5.2.2.6．Allusion to expressions of a particular style 88
5.3．Script-evoked another voice 89
5.4．Impersonal voice:unspecified,but identifiable 91
5.5．Metaphorical reference 92
5.6．Irrupted voice 93
5.7．Another voice as mouthpiece 95
5.8．Summary 97
Chapter 6 Functions of Language Reports 99
6.1．Introduction 99
6.2．Expressing evaluation 99
6.2.1．Using indirect speech to manipulate distance 101
6.2.2．Using referring expressions to indicate stance 102
6.3．Creating vividness and expressivity 104
6.4．Signaling solidarity 106
6.5．Building alliances 107
6.6．Using evidentiality to suggest degrees of epistemic certainty 109
6.7．Conveying ridicule or irony 112
6.8．Representing perspectives 113
6.9．Expressing indirect speech act 115
6.10．Highlighting 117
6.11．Incorporating different voices 118
6.12．Recontextualizing utterances 121
6.13．Indicating persuasive act or enhancing Persuasiveness 123
6.14．Reducing cognitive costs 125
6.15．Summary 127
Chapter 7 Language Reports in Discourse 129
7.1．Introduction 129
7.2．Report practices in academic discourse 129
7.2.1．Distributed cognition of thinking in academic study 130
7.2.2．On Reporting verbs 131
7.2.3．A sample text 133
7.3．Reports in news discourse 136
7.3.1．Factors affecting the use of language reports 137
7.3.2．Overt objectivity,implied manipulation 138
7.3.3．Indefinite referring expressions 141
7.4．Reports in advertising:evidence from mandarin Chinese 144
7.4.1．On the nature of advertising 144
7.4.2．Different modes of reporting in advertising discourse 145
7.4.2.1．Reports of inner language 145
7.4.2.2．Nonhuman reported speaker 147
7.4.2.3．Reports of colloquial language 149
7.4.2.4．Testimonial comment from authorities 149
7.4.2.5．Quoting from common people 152
7.4.2.6．Quotation offormulaic language 153
7.4.2.7．The intertextual nature of language reports in advertising 154
7.5．Summary 160
Chapter 8 Conclusion and Implications for Further Study 162
8.1．Conclusion 162
8.2．Implications for further discussions 163
8.2.1．Translation as a particular form of language report 163
8.2.2．Implications for language learning and teaching 166
8.2.3．Implications for bilingual communication 167
8.2.4．About quotative constructions 168
8.3．Limitations of this research 168
Bibliography 171