INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 1 TWO METAPHOR THEORIES 19
1.1 Conceptual Metaphor Theory 19
1.2 Conceptual Blending Theory 31
1.3 The examplified applicatin of CMT and CBT to the interpretation of snake and lion metaphorical expressions 40
1.4 Summary 47
CHAPTER 2 SNAKE METAPHORS IN MANDARIN CHINESE AND BRITISH ENGLISH 48
2.1 Snake metaphors in Mandarin Chinese 51
2.1.1 Overview of the snake metaphors 51
2.1.2 Snake metaphors with human beings as the target domain 56
2.1.3 Snake metaphors with non-human beings as the target domain 74
2.2 Snake metaphors in British English 97
2.2.1 Overview of the snake metaphors 98
2.2.2 Snake metaphors with human beings as the target domain 102
2.2.3 Snake metaphors with non-human beings as the target domain 110
2.3 A comparison of snake metaphors in Mandarin Chinese and British English 119
2.3.1 The differences between snake metaphors in Mandarin Chinese and British English 120
2.3.2 The differences between snake metaphors in Mandarin Chinese and British English when the target domain is human beings 124
2.3.3 The differences between snake metaphors in Mandarin Chinese and British English when the target domains are non-human beings 136
2.3.4 Causes for universality and variation of snake metaphors in Mandarin Chinese and British English 149
2.4 Summary 165
CHAPTER 3 LION METAPHORS IN MANDARIN CHINESE AND BRITISH ENGLISH 169
3.1 Lion metaphors in Mandarin Chinese 169
3.1.1 Overview of the lion metaphors 170
3.1.2 Lion metaphors with human beings as the target domain 174
3.1.3 Lion metaphors with non-human beings as the target domain 201
3.2 Lion metaphors in British English 212
3.2.1 Overview of the lion metaphors 213
3.2.2 Lion metaphors with human beings as the target domain 218
3.2.3 Lion metaphors with non-human beings as the target domain 228
3.3 A comparison of lion metaphors in Mandarin Chinese and British English 241
3.3.1 The differences between lion metaphors in Mandarin Chinese and British English 242
3.3.2 The differences between lion metaphors in Mandarin Chinese and British English when the target domain is human beings 245
3.3.3 The differences between lion metaphors in Mandarin Chinese and British English when the target domains are non-human beings 262
3.3.4 Causes for universality and variation of lion metaphors in Mandarin Chinese and British English 274
3.4 Summary 283
CHAPTER 4 REVISED CONCEPTUAL BLENDING THEORY 286
4.1 Implication one 286
4.2 Implication two 287
4.3 Summary 289
REFERENCES 291
APPENDIX A DATA SOURCE 304
APPENDIX B RESEARCH DESIGN 307