Unit 1 Writing Effective Sentences 1
1.1 Writing Correct Sentences 1
1.2 Writing Concise Sentences 17
1.3 Writing Emphatic Sentences 23
1.4 Writing Diversified Sentences 26
Language Focus：Expanding the Subject，Verb and Object 34
Unit 2 Constructing Effective Paragraphs 37
2.1 Definition of a Paragraph 37
2.2 Focused Paragraphs 37
2.3 Unified Paragraphs 40
2.4 Coherent Paragraphs 51
2.5 Well-developed Paragraphs 58
Language Focus：Paragraph Development 62
Unit 3 Cueing the Reader 65
3.1 Orienting Statements 65
Language Focus：Weak and Strong Thesis Statements 70
3.2 Paragraphing 77
3.3 Cohesive Devices 85
Unit 4 Describing 92
4.1 How to Describe 92
4.2 Describing a Person 96
4.3 Describing a Place 101
4.4 Describing a Scene 104
Language Focus：Brush Strokes for Description 106
Unit 5 Narrating 109
5.1 The Definition of Narration 109
5.2 The Purpose of Narrating 110
5.3 Including Enough Details 111
5.4 Constructing Plots in Dialogue 112
5.5 Narrative Order 113
5.6 Point of View 114
5.7 Planning the Structure 114
Language Focus：Choosing Accurate and Specific Words 120
Unit 6 Giving Examples 122
6.1 Features of Good Examples 122
6.2 Arrangement of Examples 132
6.3 Sources of Examples 137
Language Focus：Phrases for Introducing Examples 141
Unit 7 Dividing and Classifying 144
7.1 Definition of Classifying and Dividing 144
7.2 Effective Division and Classification 145
7.3 Order Pattern 148
7.4 Structuring a Dividing and Classifying Essay 149
Language Focus：Words and Transitions 152
Unit 8 Comparing and Contrasting 154
8.1 Definition of Comparing and Contrasting 154
8.2 Formulating a Thesis Statement 155
8.3 Structuring a Comparison-and-contrast Essay 156
Language Focus：Transitions in Comparison-and-contrast Essay 164
Unit 9 Identifying Cause and Effect 165
9.1 Structuring a Cause-and-effect Essay 165
9.2 Classifying Causes and Effects 174
9.3 Proposing a Format for a Cause-and-effect Paragraph 178
Language Focus：Cause-effect Expressions and Connectors 183
Unit 10 Analyzing a Process 187
10.1 Types of Process Analysis 187
10.2 Elements of Process Analysis 192
10.3 Writing Introductions and Topic Sentences for Directive Process Analysis 193
10.4 Developing an Informative Process Essay Step-by-step 196
Unit 11 Defining 202
11.1 Sentence Definitions 202
11.2 Extended Definitions 206
11.3 Formal and Informal Definitions 208
11.4 Methods of Definition 210
Language Focus：Structural Patte？s for Sentence Definition 219
Unit 12 Arguing 221
12.1 Definition of Arguing 221
12.2 Planning an Argumentative Essay 222
12.3 Avoiding Fallacies 229
12.4 Structuring an Argumentative Essay 232
Language Focus：Clear and Exact Wording 239
Appendix Using Correct Punctuation Marks 241