Chapter One Introduction 1
1.1 Scope of the Study 1
1.2 Problems with Conceptual Metaphor Theory 5
1.2.1 The Big Puzzle:Variation in Metaphor 5
1.2.2 Criticisms of Conceptual Metaphor Theory 7
1.2.3 Methodological Drawbacks 9
1.3 Aims,Rationale and Significance of the Study 12
1.3.1 Aims of the Study 12
1.3.2 Rationale of the Study 14
1.3.3 Significance of the Study 17
1.4 Structure of the Dissertation 18
Chapter Two Literature Review 20
2.1 Metaphor and Embodiment 20
2.1.1 Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics 20
2.1.2 Experientialism 25
2.1.3 Universality in Metaphor 30
2.2 Metaphor and Culture 35
2.2.1 Cultural Variation in Metaphor 36
2.2.2 Socioculturally Situated Cognition 40
2.3 Previous Studies on Metaphors of Inner Life 45
2.3.1 HEAD and HEART Metaphors of Inner Life in English 45
2.3.2 HEART Metaphors of Inner Life in Chinese 50
2.4 Corpus-based Studies on Metaphor 54
2.5 Summary 62
Chapter Three Theoretical Foundations 64
3.1 Main Tenets of Cognitive Linguistics 65
3.2 Conceptual Representation of Knowledge and Meaning 71
3.2.1 Categories,Concepts and Conceptualization 71
3.2.2 Frames,Domains and Idealized Cognitive Models 74
3.3 Complex Patterns of Semantic Extension 78
3.3.1 Conceptual Metaphor Theory 78
3.3.2 Primary Metaphor Theory 83
3.3.3 Conceptual Metonymy Theory 87
3.3.4 Interaction of Metaphor and Metonymy 94
3.4 Cognitive-Cultural Theory of Metaphor Variation 99
3.4.1 Dimensions of Cross-cultural Metaphor Variation 99
3.4.2 Causes of Metaphor Variation 102
Chapter Four Methodology 107
4.1 Paradigm of Metaphor Identification and Analysis 107
4.2 Analyzing Metaphor in Language 111
4.2.1 Operationalizing Metaphor Identification:MIP 111
4.2.2 Lexical Unit of Analysis 116
4.2.3 Dictionaries 118
4.2.4 Establishing Basic and Contextual Meanings 121
4.3 Analyzing Metaphor in Thought 123
4.3.1 Wordnet 124
4.3.2 WordNet and SUMO Method 126
4.3.3 Procedure for Data Analysis 131
4.4 Corpus Description 133
4.4.1 The English Corpus 133
4.4.2 The Chinese Corpus 134
4.5 Summary 135
Chapter Five Metaphors of Mental Life in English and Chinese 138
5.1 Metaphorical Expressions for Mental Life 139
5.1.1 The English Data 140
5.1.2 The Case of Head in Chinese 143
5.13 The Chinese Data 145
5.2 Conceptualizations of Head for Mental Life in English 147
5.2.1 HEAD AS A CONTAINER 149
5.2.2 HEAD AS AN OBJECT OF MANIPULATION 151
5.3 Conceptualizations of Heart for Mental Life in Chinese 159
5.3.1 HEART AS AN OBJECT OF MANIPULATION 162
5.3.2 HEART AS A LOCATION 174
5.3.3 HEART AS MOTION 175
5.3.4 HEART AS A CONTAINER 186
5.3.5 HEART AS LIGHT 187
5.4 Comparison and Discussion 192
5.5 Summary 194
Chapter Six Metaphors of Emotional Life in English and Chinese 197
6.1 Metaphorical Expressions for Emotiohal Life 198
6.1.1 The English Data 198
6.1.2 The Chinese Data 201
6.2 Conceptualizations of Heart for Emotional Life in English 201
6.2.1 HEART AS AN OBJECT 203
6.2.2 HEART AS A CONTAINER 211
6.2.3 HEART AS MOTION 213
6.3 Conceptualizations of Heart for Emotional Life in Chinese 219
6.3.1 HEART AS A CONTAINER 221
6.3.2 HEART AS MOTION 225
6.3.3 HEART AS AN OBJECT 231
6.3.4 HEART AS HEAT 236
6.3.5 HEART AS FOOD 239
6.4 Comparison and Discussion 242
6.5 Summary 245
Chapter Seven Conclusion 247
7.1 Linguistic and Conceptual Metaphors 249
7.2 Culture-specific Conceptualizations 251
7.3 Limitations and Possible Directions for Future Research 252
Bibliography 254