摘要 1
Chapter One Introduction 3
1.1 Conceptualizations 3
1.2 Research questions 9
1.3 Significance 10
1.4 Organizational structure of this study 12
Notes 14
Chapter Two Previous Studies on Argumentative Discourse 17
2.1 Normative study of argument:rhetorical and dialectical perspectives 17
2.1.1 Classical argumentation study of ancient Greek:Aristotle's contribution 17
2.1.2 Toulmin's model 22
2.1.3 Informal logic movement 24
2.2 Normative pragmatics 25
2.2.1 Pragma-dialectics（4） 26
2.2.2 Conversational Argument:The Jackson-Jacobs Model 31
2.3 Descriptive study of argument 33
2.3.1 Content types of conflict talk（5） 35
2.3.2 Oppositional turn construction 36
2.3.3 Closing of conflict talk and conflict talk outcomes 38
2.4 Critical comments 41
Notes 43
Chapter Three Theoretical Framework 47
3.1 Discourse analysis 47
3.1.1 Definitions of discourse analysis 48
3.1.2 Approaches to discourse analysis 50
3.1.3 Conflict talk as a discourse 53
3.2 A Collaborative approach to this study：pragma-rhetoric 53
3.2.1 The marriage of pragmatics and rhetoric 54
3.2.2 Pragma-rhetoric approach to conflict talk 68
Notes 71
Chapter Four Research Procedure and Method 75
4.1 Data collection 75
4.2 Transcription conventions 77
4.3 Data analysis 80
4.4 Research method 82
Notes 83
Chapter Five Sequential Organization of Conflict Talk 87
5.1 An overview:sequence,sequential organization and sequentiality 87
5.2 Sequential organization of initiation 90
5.2.1 Assertion→dissent→dissent 93
5.2.2 Assertion→dissent→repeated assertion 97
5.2.3 Request→refusal→countering the response 98
5.2.4 Accusation→rejection→countering the response 101
5.3 Forms of opposition 105
5.3.1 Negation format 106
5.3.2 Opposing questions 115
5.3.2.1 Rhetorical opposing questions 116
5.3.2.2 Reason-asking question as an oppositional move 129
5.3.3 Substitution format 133
5.3.4 Tit-for-tat format 138
5.3.5 Multiple self-repetition format 143
5.4 Forms of termination 148
5.4.1 Concessions 149
5.4.2 Compromises 156
5.4.3 Frame-breaks 158
5.4.4 Withdrawal format 163
5.4.5 Third party intervention 169
Notes 173
Chapter Six Argumentation Analysis:Rhetorical Reasoning and Argumentation Structure 177
6.1 Reasoning as one of the central components of conflict talk 177
6.2 Forms of inductive reasoning 180
6.2.1 Arguing from analogy（1） 180
6.2.2 Arguing from cause or effect 185
6.2.3 Arguing from examples 187
6.3 Forms of deductive reasoning：syllogism and enthymeme 190
6.4 Forms of fallacies 196
6.4.1 Argumentum ad hominem 197
6.4.2 Argumentum ad baculum 202
6.5 Argumentation structure 207
6.5.1 Tree diagrams:top-down,bottom-up,and mixture 207
6.5.2 Single argumentation,multiple argumentation,coordinate argumentation and subordinate argumentation 213
Notes 220
Chapter Seven Strategies of Conflict Talk Management 223
7.1 Interpersonal rhetoric：politeness involved in conflict talk 224
7.2 Mitigated strategies 226
7.2.1 Agreement tokens 227
7.2.2 Hedges 231
7.2.3 Questions 233
7.3 Moderated strategies 235
7.3.1 Direct disagreement by opposition markers 235
7.3.2 Direct disagreement by substitution 236
7.4 Intensified strategies 237
7.4.1 Upgraders 239
7.4.2 Rhetorical question 241
7.4.3 Uncooperative interruption 243
7.5 Antagonized strategies 249
7.5.1 Verbal aggression 250
7.5.2 Paralinguistic aggression 252
7.5.3 Physical aggression 254
7.6 Frequency of the four kinds of strategies 256
7.7 Reconsidering disagreement as disPreferred act 258
Notes 261
Chapter Eight Types of Conflict Talk and Their Functions 265
8.1 Types of conflict talk 265
8.2 Constructive functions of non-aggressive conflict talk 266
8.2.1 Conflict talk as an inquiry mechanism 267
8.2.2 Conflict talk as an instrument of reflection 269
8.2.3 Conflict talk as a mechanism for working consensus 270
8.3 Destructive functions of aggressive conflict talk 272
8.3.1 Aggressiveness as instrument of venting negative feelings 273
8.3.2 Aggressiveness as instrument of getting power 274
Notes 277
Chapter Nine Conclusion 281
9.1 Summary of major findings 281
9.2 Contributions of this study 286
9.3 Limitations and future research directions 290
Bibliography 293
Acknowledgements 311
Appendix 313