1．INTRODUCTION 1
2．TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES AND CHROMOSOME PREPARATION 6
Basics of Tissue Culture 6
Blood 8
Bone Marrow 14
Prenatal Diagnosis 16
Skin and Other Tissues 27
Solid Tumors 29
Preparation and Manipulation of Somatic Cell Hybnds 31
Cell Cultures:Maintenance and Storage 42
Meiotic Techniques 48
Human Sperm Chromosome Karyotypes 56
Bibliography 63
3．BANDING TECHNIQUES 72
Differential Staining Techniques 72
Selective Staining Techniques 77
Fluorochromes and Counterstaining Techniques 90
Staining Techniques Using Antibodies 109
Restriction Endonuclease/Giemsa Banding 113
Bibliography 127
4．SPECIALIZED TECHNIQUES 134
High-Resolution Banding 134
Chromosomal Fragile Sites 137
Sister Chromatid Differentiation 143
Replication Pattems 151
Lateral Asymmetry 156
Chromatin Undercondensation Techniques 158
X-and Y-Chromatin 164
Bibliography 166
5．CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS BY FLOW CYTOMETRY 172
Instrumentation 175
Chromosome Preparation 177
Flow Sorting Chromosomes for Library Construction 179
Generation of Chromosome Paints 180
Bibliography 182
6．FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION TECHNIQUES 184
Metaphase Chromosomes,Interphase Nuclei,and Extended Chromatin Fibers 184
Comparative Genomic Hybridization 191
Multiple-Colored Chromosomes by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization 210
Multicolor Primed In Situ Labeling 218
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Human Sperm 223
Bibliography 227
7．IMMUNOCYTOGENETIC TECHNIQUES 232
Antibodies Against DNA or Base Analogs Incorporated Into DNA 232
Antibodies Against Chromosomal Proteins 240
Immunocytogenetics and In Situ Hybridization 257
Immunophenotyping of Mitotic Cells 260
Bibliography 264
8．MICRODISSECTION AND DIRECT PCR AMPLIFICATION OF HUMAN CHROMOSOMES 271
Technical Considerations 271
Microdissection Protocols 275
Bibliography 278
9．IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION 280
Slide Preparation 281
Slide Pretreatment 282
Probe Preparation 282
Hybridization 285
Chromosomal DNA Denaturation 286
Posthybridization Washing 286
Hybrid Detection 287
G-Banding with Wright Stain 288
Appendix：Stock Solutions 289
Bibliography 289
10．SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN BLOTTING TECHNIQUES:PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS 292
Southern Blotting 292
Northern Blotting 298
Preparation of Radioactively Labeled Nucleic Acid Probe 301
Hybridization of Filter or Membrane with a Nucleic Acid Probe 303
Detection of Signals 306
Applications of Blotting Techniques 307
Bibliography 309
Appendix：Buffers and Solutions for Protocols 311
11．THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION:APPLICATIONS IN GENOMIC ANALYSIS 312
Historical Perspective 312
Scope 312
The Polymerase Chain Reaction:Principles and Basic Enzymology 313
Setting Up PCR in the Laboratory:Basic Laboratory Organization 319
PCR Reactions:Basic Methods 321
Applications of PCR Technology to Chromosome Analysis 330
Bibliography 337
12．KARYOTYPE INTERPRErATION 345
Historical Account 345
Classification of Unbanded Chromosomes 345
Nomenclature of the Banded Mitotic Chromosomes 346
High-Resolution Bands of Chromosomes 348
Cancer Cytogenetics 349
Chromosomal Aberrations 355
Evaluation of Banding Pattems 358
Nomenclature for Human Meiotic Chromosomes 358
Bibliography 360
13．CHROMOSOMES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE 362
Indications for Referral 362
Classical Chromosomal Syndromes 363
Cytogenetics of Spontaneous Abortion 363
Chromosomal Anomalies in Prenatal Diagnosis 363
Chromosome Anomalies in Mental Retardation 363
Chromosomes of Human Neoplasia 364
Chromosomal Basis of Oncogenesis 370
Probing the Human Genome 373
Bibliography 406
Index 411