第1编 绪论(KEY ISSUES IN THE USE OF ENGLISH) 1
第1章 言语交际(Human Linguistic Communication) 1
1.1 言语交际过程(Three Stages of Linguistic Communication) 1
1.1.1 言语的生成(Generation of Language-in-use) 1
1.1.2 言语的传递(Transmission of Language-in-use) 2
1.1.3 言语的理解(Comprehension of Language-in-use) 3
1.2 阅读与理解(Reading and Comprehension) 5
1.2.1 阅读理解的定义(Definitions of Reading Comprehension) 5
1.2.2 阅读理解的本质(Essentials of Reading Comprehension) 7
1.2.3 阅读理解的方式(Ways of Reading Comprehension) 8
1.3 阅读理解中的变量(Variables in Reading Comprehension) 9
1.3.1 阅读的类型(Varieties of Reading) 10
1.3.2 理解的层次(Levels of Comprehension) 10
1.3.3 阅读理解的速度(Speed of Reading Comprehension) 11
1.3.4 阅读理解的有效方法(Effective Ways of Reading Comprehension) 12
思考与练习 13
Text 1 Development of SQ3R Method(1) 15
2.1.1 语篇的定义(Definition of Text) 19
第2章 语篇与语境(Text and Context) 19
2.1 语篇(Text) 19
2.1.2 语篇的连贯(Coherence in Text) 20
2.1.3 语篇的层次(Stratification of Text) 21
2.2 语境(Context) 22
2.2.1 语境的概念(Notion of Context) 23
2.2.2 言内语境(Linguistic Context) 24
2.2.3 言外语境(Extra-linguistic Context) 24
2.3.1 影响语篇理解的因素(Difficulties in Comprehension) 25
2.3 语篇的理解(Comprehension of Text) 25
2.3.2 语篇理解的前提(Presupposition in Comprehension) 26
2.3.3 共享知识与经验(Shared Knowledge and Experience) 28
思考与练习 29
Text 2 Development of SQ3R Method(2) 31
第2编 流利英语阅读的础(BASICS OF SKILLED COMPREHENSION) 36
第3章 词汇知识的学习与积累(Vocabulary Developing Skills) 36
3.1 词汇知识与阅读理解(Vocabulary and Comprehension) 36
3.1.1 熟知词汇量(Active Vocabulary) 36
3.1.2 词汇理解的阈限(Vocabulary Threshold) 37
3.1.3 阈限词汇的确定(Threshold Vocabulary) 38
3.2 如何有效增加词汇量(How to Develop One's Vocabulary) 38
3.2.1 词汇学习的途径(Ways to Develop Vocabulary) 39
3.2.2 词汇积累的方法(Ways to Accumulate Vocabulary) 40
3.2.3 词汇记忆的方法(Ways to Memorize Vocabulary) 41
3.3 英语词汇的构成方式(Formation of English Words) 42
3.3.1 缩略法(Shorting) 42
3.3.2 拼缀法(Blending) 42
3.3.3 逆生法(Backformation) 43
3.3.4 转化法(Conversion) 43
3.3.5 合成法(Compounding) 44
3.3.6 派生法(Derivation) 44
思考与练习 45
Text 3 A Writer's Guide to Dictionaries(1) 47
第4章 词语理解的方法与策略(Vocabulary Attacking Skills) 52
4.1 词语理解的影响因素(Difficulties in Vocabulary Comprehension) 52
4.2.1 利用构词知识(Word-formation Clues) 53
4.2 理解陌生词语的含义(Understanding Unfamiliar Vocabulary) 53
4.2.2 利用语境知识(Contextual Clues) 56
4.2.3 利用背景知识(Background Knowledge) 57
4.2.4 英语工具书的选用(English Dictionary Skills) 58
4.3 理解英语词语的难点(Deceptively Transparent Vocabulary) 60
4.3.1 英语成语(Idiom) 61
4.3.2 一词多义(Polysemy) 61
4.3.3 熟词生义(False Friends) 62
4.3.4 易混淆词(Synforms) 63
思考与练习 64
Text 4 A Writer's Guide to Dictionaries(2) 66
第5章 句法分析的方法与手段(Sentence Parsing Skills) 72
5.1 句子理解的影响因素(Difficulties in Sentence Comprehension) 72
5.2 句法分析的方法(How to Parse Sentences) 73
5.2.1 三种语法理论(Three Types of Grammar) 73
5.2.2 句子的生成规则(Generative Rules) 74
5.2.3 句子的转换规则(Transformational Rules) 76
5.2.4 句子的扩展与简化(Extension and Simplification) 78
5.3 复杂长句的拆解(Parsing Longer Sentences) 79
5.3.1 复杂名词词组(Complex Noun Group) 80
5.3.2 名词化现象(Nominalization) 81
5.3.3 并列结构(Coordination) 81
5.3.4 名词性从句(Nominal Clause) 82
5.3.5 分词与介词词组(Participle and Prepositional Group) 83
5.3.6 分隔修饰(Separation Modification) 84
思考与练习 85
Text 5 The Nature of Scientific Investigations 86
6.1.1 句法分析的过程(Sentence Parsing Process) 93
6.1 句法分析的核心(The Core of Sentence Parsing) 93
第6章 句子理解的策略与难点(Sentence Attacking Skills) 93
6.1.2 句法分析的策略(Sentence Parsing Strategies) 94
6.2 特殊疑难句式的理解(Attacking Complex Sentences) 95
6.2.1 从属结构的难点(Problems in Subordination) 95
6.2.2 形容词性分句(Adjectival Clause) 96
6.2.3 副词性分句(Adverbial Clause) 97
6.2.4 非限定性分句(Nonfinite Clause) 98
6.2.5 特殊英语句式(Particular Sentence Structure) 100
6.3 句内衔接成分的理解(Interpreting Cohesive Devices) 102
6.3.1 照应与替代(Reference and Substitution) 103
6.3.2 省略(Ellipsis) 104
6.3.3 词汇共指(Lexical Co-reference) 105
思考与练习 106
Text 6 Foundations of College Chemistry 108
7.1 语篇的三层意义(Three Levels of Meaning) 115
7.1.1 字面意义(Literal Meanings) 115
第7章 语篇与语义(Understanding Meanings in English) 115
第3编 理解语篇的字面意义(LITERAL COMPREHENSION) 115
7.1.2 语境意义(Contextual Meanings) 116
7.1.3 语用意义(Pragmatic Meanings) 118
7.2 意义的表达方式(Expression of Meanings) 119
7.2.1 字面意义的表达方式(Expression of Literal Meanings) 120
7.2.2 语境意义的表达方式(Expression of Contextual Meanings) 120
7.2.3 语用意义的表达方式(Expression of Pragmatic Meanings) 122
7.3 充分利用信号词的作用(Fully Utilizing Signal Words) 123
7.3.1 常用的十种英语信号词(Ten Types of Signal Words) 123
7.3.3 理解陌生词语的含义(Unlocking Uifamiliar Words) 125
7.3.2 理解复杂难句的意义(Attacking Difficult Sentences) 125
7.3.4 识别细节的组织结构(Recognizing Structural Patterns) 126
7.3.5 预期作者的写作思路(Anticipating Author's Train of Thought) 127
思考与练习 128
Text 7 The Physical and Chemical Basis of Life 129
第8章 主旨要义的归纳与概括(Determining Main Idea and Major Ideas) 136
8.1.1 已知信息与未知信息(Given and Unknown Information) 137
8.1.2 句末焦点与句末重心(End Focus and End Weight) 137
8.1 理解句子的重心与核心(Information Structure in Sentences) 137
8.1.3 主要信息与次要信息(Main and Secondary Information) 138
8.2 理解段落的主题与主旨(Determining Topics and Main Ideas) 139
8.2.1 段落的三要素(The Three Elements of Paragraph) 139
8.2.2 明示的主题与主旨(Stated Topics and Main Ideas) 140
8.2.3 隐含的主题与主旨(Implied Topics and Main Ideas) 142
8.3 区分段落的主旨与细节(Separating Main Idea From Supporting Details) 146
8.3.1 把握段落的主旨(Grasping the Gist of Content) 146
8.3.2 把握细节的用意(Recognizing the Functions of Details) 147
思考与练习 148
Text 8 The Great Depression Begins 150
第9章 具体细节的理解与记忆(Understanding and Retaining Supporting Details) 157
9.1 区分主要细节与次要细节(Separating Major from Minor Details) 157
9.2 辨识具体细节的类型(Identifying Types of Supporting Details) 159
9.2.1 定义与重述(Definitions and Restatements) 160
9.2.2 事实与实例(Facts and Examples) 161
9.2.3 数据与引言(Statistics and Quotations) 163
9.2.4 描写与叙述(Descriptions and Narratives) 164
9.3 识别语段的组织结构(Recognizing Paragraph Patterns) 165
9.3.1 以时间为序(Time Order) 165
9.3.2 以空间为序(Space Order) 166
9.3.3 以重要性为序(Order to Importance) 167
9.3.4 以概括程度为序(Order to Abstractness) 167
9.3.5 以类别分类为序(Order to Classification) 168
9.3.6 以因果关系为序(Order to Cause and Effect) 169
9.3.7 以比较、对比为序(Order to Comparison and Contrast) 169
思考与练习 171
Text 9 Insuring Against Risk 172
10.1.1 句子的主干结构(The Core Structure of Sentences) 179
10.1 理解句子的字面意义(Understanding Literal Meanings of Sentences) 179
第10章 进行合理的判断、推理与引申(Making Proper Judgments and Inferences) 179
第4编 理解语篇的语境意(INFERENTIAL COMPREHENSION) 179
10.1.2 字面意义的译释(Paraphrasing) 180
10.2 理解句子的语境意义(Understanding Contextual Meanings of Sentences) 181
10.2.1 字面意义与语境意义(Literal and Contextual Meanings) 181
10.2.2 句子的真实语境意义(Conceptual Meanings) 182
10.2.3 句子的语境联想意义(Associative Meanings) 183
10.3 理解句子的深层意义(Understanding the In-depth Meanings) 188
10.3.1 背景知识(Background Knowledge) 188
10.3.3 恰当的推理(Proper Reasoning) 189
10.3.2 语境分析(Contextual Analysis) 189
思考与练习 191
Text 10 An Introduction to Sociology 193
第11章 态度意义的理解与表达(Attitude and Attitudinal Meanings) 200
11.1 什么是态度(What Is Attitude) 200
11.1.1 态度的一般意义(Plain Sense of Attitude) 200
11.1.2 态度的本质特征(Defining Features of Attitude) 201
11.1.3 态度的构成要素(Basic Components of Attitude) 203
11.1.4 态度的外显方式(Externalizations of Attitude) 204
11.2 什么是作者的态度(What Is Author's Attitude) 205
11.2.1 作者态度的构成(Components of Author's Attitude) 205
11.2.2 作者态度的对象(Orientation of Author's Attitude) 206
11.2.3 态度的表达方式(Overt Expressions of Attitude) 209
11.2.4 作者的表态方法(Author's Means of Expression) 210
思考与练习 211
Text 11 Interpersonal Influence 213
12.1.1 认知态度的界定(Definition of Cognitive Attitude) 220
12.1 认知态度(Cognitive Attitude) 220
第12章 理解作者的观点、看法或态度(Understanding Author's Cognitive Attitude) 220
12.1.2 认知态度的表达(Expression of Cognitive Attitude) 221
12.1.3 肯定与否定(Affirmation and Denial) 221
12.2 否定的表达方法(Expression of Negative Cognitive Attitude) 222
12.2.1 否定的方法(Means of Negation) 222
12.2.2 否定的范围(Scope of Negation) 223
12.2.3 否定的加强(Intensification of Denial) 223
12.3.1 肯定的方法(Means of Affirmation) 224
12.3 肯定的表达方法(Expression of Affirmative Cognitive Attitude) 224
12.2.4 否定的淡化(Qualification of Denial) 224
12.3.2 肯定的强化(Intensification of Affirmation) 225
12.3.3 肯定的淡化(Qualification of Affirmation) 225
12.4 部分否定与肯定(Partial Denial and Affirmation) 226
12.4.1 部分否定(Partial Denial) 226
12.4.2 既否定又肯定(Partial Denial and Affirmation) 226
12.4.3 有条件的肯定或否定(Conditional Denial or Affirmation) 227
12.4.4 婉转的否定或肯定(Tactful Denial or Affirmation) 227
12.4.5 既不肯定也不否定(Neutral Cognitive Attitude) 228
12.5 量值不等的肯定与否定(Quantification of Denial and Affirmation) 229
12.5.1 认知态度的两个维度(Two Dimensions of Cognitive Attitude) 229
12.5.2 频率不等的肯定或否定(Different Frequency of Denial or Affirmation) 230
12.5.3 概率不等的肯定或否定(Different Likelihood of Denial or Affirmation) 231
思考与练习 234
Text 12 How Good Are Your Opinions? 235
13.1 感情态度(Affective Attitude) 241
13.1.1 情绪与情感的定义(Definitions of Emotion and Feeling) 241
第13章 理解作者的情绪、情感或态度(Understanding Author's Affective Attitude) 241
13.1.2 情绪与情感的表达(Expression of Emotion and Feeling) 242
13.2 情绪和情感的分类(Classifications of Affective Attitude) 245
13.2.1 情绪情感的传统分类(Traditional Classifications) 245
13.2.2 情绪情感的量化描述(Recent Quantifications) 246
13.3 常见的情绪与情感(Common Affective Attitude) 248
13.3.1 兴趣、惊奇与痛苦(Interest,Surprise and Pain) 248
13.3.2 厌恶、愉快与愤怒(Repugnance,Pleasure and Rage) 250
13.3.3 恐惧、害羞与轻蔑(Terror,Bashfulness and Contempt) 253
13.3.4 悔恨与忧虑(Regret and Anxiety) 255
13.3.5 从宽容到同情(From Tolerance to Sympathy) 256
13.3.6 从钦佩到尊重(From Admiration to Respect) 257
思考与练习 258
Text 13 Deliver Us from Shyness Clinics 259
第14章 理解作者的意愿、义务或态度(Understanding Author's Conative Attitude) 265
14.1 意动态度(Conative Attitude) 265
14.1.1 意动态度的描述(Description of Conative Attitude) 265
14.2 量值不等的意愿(Expression of Will) 267
14.2.1 情态助词表意愿(Implicit Expression of Will) 267
14.1.2 意动态度的表达(Expression of Conative Attitude) 267
14.2.2 实义词语表意愿(Explicit Expression of Will) 268
14.3 量值不等的义务(Expression of Obligation) 270
14.3.1 情态助词表义务(Implicit Expression of Obligation) 270
14.3.2 实义词语表义务(Explicit Expression of Obligation) 271
14.3.3 否定义务的表达(Expression of Negative Obligation) 272
14.4 量值不等的劝谏(Expression of Suasion) 272
14.4.2 要求意念的表达(Expression of Request) 273
14.4.1 建议意念的表达(Expression of Suggestion) 273
14.4.3 命令意念的表达(Expression of Command) 274
思考与练习 274
Text 14 Assertion Is Not Aggression 276
第5编 理解语篇的语用意义(INTERPRETIVE COMPREHENSION) 284
第15章 语用意图与写作意图(User's Meanings and Writer's Meanings) 284
15.1 句子的语用意义(User's Meanings of Sentences) 284
15.1.1 句子的情境用意(Interpersonal Meanings) 284
15.1.2 句子的言内用意(Logical Meanings) 286
15.2.1 语篇的字面意义(Literal Meanings) 288
15.2 语篇的整体意义(Global Meanings of Text) 288
15.2.2 语篇的语境意义(Contextual Meanings) 289
15.2.3 语篇的语用意义(Pragmatic Meanings) 290
15.3 作者的写作意图(Author's Meanings) 292
15.3.1 写作的三个阶段(Three Stages of Writing) 292
15.3.2 写作活动的动机(Author's Motives for Writing) 293
15.3.3 写作意图的展开(Implementation of Author's Intentions) 294
15.3.4 写作意图的理解(Understanding Author's Intentions) 295
思考与练习 297
Text 15 The Concept of Culture 299
第16章 语篇的功能与语体特征(Functional Varieties of English Writing) 307
16.1 写作意图的三分法(Purposes of English Writing) 307
16.2 分享知识信息的意图(Informative Purposes) 308
16.2.1 事实性知识的描述(Descriptive Writing) 309
16.2.2 程序性知识的说明(Demonstrating Writing) 310
16.2.3 理论性知识的解释(Explanatory Writing) 311
16.2.4 解释说明性作品的特征(The Language of Informative Writings) 313
16.3 说服鼓动读者的意图(Persuasive Purposes) 313
16.3.2 影响认知态度的议论(Convincing Writing) 314
16.3.1 说服鼓动性作品的特征(The Language of Persuasive Writings) 314
16.3.3 影响感情态度的激荡(Stimulating Writing) 317
16.3.4 影响意动态度的鼓动(Actuating Writing) 319
16.4 陶冶娱乐读者的意图(Entertaining Purposes) 321
16.4.1 陶冶娱乐性作品的特征(The Language of Entertaining Writings) 321
16.4.2 展示人类活动的叙事(Narrative Writing) 322
16.4.3 抒发人类感情的抒情(Expressive Writing) 323
16.4.4 润泽人际关系的酬应(Phatic Writing) 325
思考与练习 327
Text 16 How We Listen to Music 328
第6编 文学英语与文学欣赏(APPRECIATIVE COMPREHENSION) 335
第17章 文学欣赏与英语文学(Literature and Literary Appreciation) 335
17.1 欣赏性阅读(Appreciative Comprehension) 335
17.2 文学的本质特征(Defining Features of Literature) 336
17.3 文学的传统分类(Varieties of Literary Works) 338
17.4 文学欣赏的定义(Definitions of Literary Appreciation) 340
17.5 文学欣赏的素质要求(Requirements for Better Appreciation) 342
17.6 文学作品的三个要素(The Three Elements of Literature) 343
17.6.1 文学形象(Literary Image) 344
17.6.2 文学意蕴(Associative Meanings) 348
思考与练习 350
Text 17 Vanity Fair—a Novel Without a Hero(1) 352
第18章 文学语言与文学英语(Literary Language and Literary English) 359
18.1 文学语言的界定(Definitions of Literary Language) 359
18.2 文学语言的内指性(Endophora in Literary Language) 362
18.3 文学语言的音乐美(Rhythms in Literary Language) 363
18.4 文学语言的陌生化(De-familiarization of Literary Language) 365
18.5 文学语言的形象性(Figures in Literary Language) 366
18.6 常用的比喻性表达法(Common Metaphorical Expressions) 369
18.6.1 明喻与暗喻(Simile and Metaphor) 369
18.6.2 换喻与提喻(Metonymy and Synecdoche) 370
18.6.3 拟人(Personification) 370
18.6.4 夸张与夸大(Hyperbole and Overstatement) 371
18.6.5 典故与引喻(Allusion) 372
思考与练习 373
Text 18 Vanity Fair—a Novel Without a Hero(2) 375
主要参考文献 382