Chapter 1．What Is Philosophy? 1
A．Defining"Philosophy" 1
B．The Fields of Philosophy 2
C．Two Approaches to Philosophy 5
D．Two Kinds of Philosophy 8
E．Concluding Comment 12
Ⅰ．Vocabulary 12
Ⅱ．Notes 19
A．Terms 19
B．Philosophers 21
Ⅲ．Exercises 23
A．Review Questions 23
B．Discussion Questions 23
Chapter 2．Philosophical Thinking 24
A．Introductory Comment 24
B．Language and Discourse 26
C．Inductive Reasoning 32
D．Deductive Reasoning 36
E．Informal Fallacies 48
F．Concluding Comment 53
Ⅰ．Vocabulary 54
Ⅱ．Notes 61
A．Terms 61
Ⅲ．Exercises 62
A．Review Questions 62
B．Discussion Questions 63
Chapter 3．Perception and Truth 64
A．Introductory Comment 64
B．Perception 65
C．Truth 76
D．Concluding Comment 85
Ⅰ．Vocabulary 86
Ⅱ．Notes 90
A．Terms 90
B．Philosophers 91
Ⅲ．Exercises 93
A．Review Questions 93
B．Discussion Questions 94
Chapter 4．Epistemology:How We Know 95
A．Introductory Comment 95
B．An Epistemological Continuum 96
C．The Classical Positions 97
D．The Scientific Method 104
E．Other Epistemological Theories 109
F．Concluding Comment 126
Ⅰ．Vocabulary 128
Ⅱ．Notes 140
A．Terms 140
B．Philosophers 142
Ⅲ．Exercises 144
A．Review Questions 144
B．Discussion Questions 145
Chapter 5．Freedom and Determinism 146
A．Introductory Comment 146
B．A Freedom-Determinism Continuum 147
C．Alternative Views on Freedom and Determinism 147
D．Concluding Comment 167
Ⅰ．Vocabulary 168
Ⅱ．Notes 174
A．Terms 174
B．Philosophers 175
Ⅲ．Exercises 176
A．Review Questions 176
B．Discussion Questions 176
Chapter 6．Metaphysics 178
A．Introductory Comment 178
B．A Metaphysical Continuum 179
C．World Views:Alternative Theories of Reality 179
D．Concluding Comment 199
Ⅰ．Vocabulary 200
Ⅱ．Notes 204
A．Terms 204
B．Philosophers 205
Ⅲ．Exercises 206
A．Review Questions 206
B．Discussion Questions 206
Chapter 7．Philosophy and Religion 208
A．Introductory Comment 208
B．Epistemological Issues 210
C．Metaphysical Issues 221
D．Axiological Issues 234
E．Concluding Comment 239
Ⅰ．Vocabulary 239
Ⅱ．Notes 245
A．Terms 245
B．Philosophers 246
Ⅲ．Exercises 248
A．Review Questions 248
B．Discussion Questions 248
Chapter 8．Philosophy and Ethics 250
A．Introductory Comment 250
B．An Ethical Continuum 251
C．The Nature of Values 251
D．The Ethics of Virtue 273
E．Concluding Comment 275
Ⅰ．Vocabulary 276
Ⅱ．Notes 283
A．Terms 283
B．Philosophers 285
Ⅲ．Exercises 286
A．Review Questions 286
B．Discussion Questions 287
Chapter 9．Philosophy and Esthetics 288
A．Introductory Comment 288
B．An Esthetic Continuum 291
C．The Nature and Meaning 292
D．Three Controversial Issues 302
E．Concluding Comment 306
Ⅰ．Vocabulary 307
Ⅱ．Notes 312
A．Terms 312
B．Philosophers 313
Ⅲ．Exercises 315
A．Review Questions 315
B．Discussion Questions 315
Chapter 10．Philosophy and Human Nature 316
A．Introductory Comment 316
B．A Human Nature Continuum 318
C．Alternative Views of Human Nature 318
D．Concluding Comment 335
Ⅰ．Vocabulary 337
Ⅱ．Notes 343
A．Terms 343
B．Philosophers 343
Ⅲ．Exercises 345
A．Review Questions 345
B．Discussion Questions 345
Chapter 11．Philosophy and Politics 347
A．Introductory Comment 347
B．A Political Continuum 349
C．Political Alternatives 349
D．Concluding Comment 370
Ⅰ．Vocabulary 372
Ⅱ．Notes 379
A．Terms 379
B．Philosopher 380
Ⅲ．Exercises 380
A．Review Questions 380
B．Discussion Questions 381