第一章 英语句子写作English Sentence Writing 1
第一节 英语句子的分类Types of English Sentences 1
第二节 英语基本句型Basic Sentence Patterns 5
1.SV句型 5
2.SVCs句型 6
3.SVO句型 6
4.SVOiOd句型 8
5.SVOCo句型 8
第三节 基本句型的扩展Expanding Basic Sentence Patterns 10
1.增添法Addition 10
2.并列法Coordination 14
3.从属法Subordination 15
第四节 平行结构Parallel Structure 20
1.平行结构的用法Usage of Parallel Structure 21
2.名篇中的平行结构Excellent Parallel Structure in Classics 22
第五节 句子结构常见错误Sentence Structure Problems 25
1.残缺句Sentence Fragments 25
2.接排句Run-on Sentences 27
3.误置修饰语Misplaced Modifiers 29
4.悬垂修饰语Dangling Modifiers 31
第六节 主谓一致Subject-Verb Agreement 33
1.不定代词做主语Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects 34
2.复合主语Compound Subjects 35
3.插入词Intervening Words 36
4.集合名词Collective Nouns 37
5.复数形式,单数意义Plural Forms with Singular Meaning 37
第七节 标点符号Punctuation 39
1.冒号Colon 39
2.分号Semicolon 40
3.逗号Comma 40
4.引号Quotation Marks 42
第二章 英语段落写作基本要求Basic Requirements for English Paragraph Writing 43
第一节 段落的构成Paragraph Structure 43
1.如何写好主题句How to Write a Good Topic Sentence 44
2.如何写好辅助句How to Write Good Supporting Sentences 48
3.如何写好结尾句How to Write a Good Concluding Sentence 49
第二节 段落的整体性Paragraph Unity 52
第三节 段落的连贯性Paragraph Coherence 54
1.转承词语Transitional Words 55
2.时间顺序Chronological Order 61
3.空间顺序Spatial Order 62
4.主次顺序Order of Importance 63
第四节 句子的多样性Sentence Variety 66
1.长短句交替Varied Sentence Structures 66
2.句子开头多样化Varied Sentence Beginnings 67
3.转承词语的运用Varied Transitional Devices 68
4.词语的变化Varied Diction 69
第一节 描述Description 71
1.事物描述Description of an Object or Event 71
第三章 英语段落的扩展English Paragraph Development 71
2.程序描述Description of a Process or Procedure 72
第二节 定义Definition 74
1.单句式定义Single-Sentence Definition 74
2.扩展式定义Extended Definition 75
第三节 例证Examples Illustrations 77
1.普遍到特殊或特殊到普遍General to Particular or Vice Versa 77
2.列举或扩展Enumeration or Extension 78
第四节 划分与分类Division Classification 80
1.划分Division 80
2.分类Classification 80
第五节 比较与对照Comparison Contrast 82
1.逐点比较与对照Point-by-Point Style 83
2.整体比较与对照Block Style 83
3.类比Analogy 85
第六节 因果关系Cause Effect 86
1.一因多果A Cause to Multiple Effects 87
2.多因一果Multiple Causes to an Effect 88
第七节 议论Argument 90
1.归纳法Induction 90
2.演绎法Deduction 91
第八节 图表数据Figures Statistics 93
1.统计数字表示法Statistics 93
2.倍数表示法Times 95
3.数量词语前缀表示法Prefixes Indicating Numbers,Measures Weights 96
1.直接引语和间接引语Direct and Indirect Quotations 99
第九节 引证Quotation 99
2.谚语与格言Proverbs 100
第十节 综合法Combination of Methods 101
第四章 英语短文写作及类型English Essay Writing and Types 104
第一节 英语短文的构成Structure of English Essays 104
1.引言段Introductory Paragraph 104
2.正文Main Body 108
3.结尾段Concluding Paragraph 109
第二节 英语短文写作程序Writing Process 113
1.写作的五个步骤Five Steps in Writing 113
2.如何编列提纲Ways of Making an Outline 115
1.记叙文Narration 122
第三节 英语短文的类型Types of English Essays 122
2.描写文Description 124
3.说明文Exposition 127
4.议论文Argumentation 129
第五章 大学英语写作能力要求与实践Requirements and Practice of College English Writing 136
第一节 大学英语课程对写作能力的教学要求College English Curriculum Requirements for Writing 136
1.大学英语教学的性质和目标Character and Objective of College English 136
2.教学要求Teaching Requirements 136
3.教学评估Evaluation 138
第二节 段首句作文Writing in Accordance with the First Sentence of Each Paragraph 140
1.写作要点Main Points to Keep in Mind When Writing 140
2.作文示例及分析Samples with Comments 140
第三节 关键词作文Writing with Key Words Expressions 144
2.作文示例及分析Samples with Comments 145
1.写作要点Main Points to Keep in Mind When Writing 145
第四节 提纲作文Writing Based on a Given Outline 147
1.写作要点Main Points to Keep in Mind When Writing 147
2.作文示例及分析Samples with Comments 147
第五节 图表作文Writing Based on Informative Graphs 150
1.写作要点Main Points to Keep in Mind When Writing 150
2.作文示例及分析Samples with Comments 151
第六节 看图作文Writing Based on Pictures 154
1.写作要点Main Points to Keep in Mind When Writing 154
2.作文示例及分析Samples with Comments 155
1.书信的结构The Structure of Letters 159
第六章 英语应用文写作English Practical Writing 159
第一节 书信Letters 159
2.书信的格式The Format of Letters 163
3.书信的种类和特点Types and Features 165
4.实用信函范例Models of Practical Letters 170
第二节 履历Résumé 185
1.履历的功能Functions 185
2.履历的基本结构Basic Structure 186
3.履历的类型与格式Types and Formats 190
4.成功的履历写作Writing a Successful Résumé 191
5.履历实例Sample Résumés 194
1.写作准备Writing Preparation 205
第三节 个人陈述Personal Statement 205
2.成功的写作Tips for Writing 206
3.个人陈述实例Samples of Personal Statement 207
第四节 其他日常应用文Writings for Daily Use 211
1.电子邮件E-mail 211
2.传真Fax 213
3.备忘录Memo 214
4.便条Note 217
5.通知Notice 221
6.海报Poster 222
7.广告Advertisement 223
第五节 记笔记Note-taking 224
2.缩略词语Abbreviations 225
1.有效方法Effective Methods 225
第七章 学术论文写作Academic Writing 227
第一节 研究论文Research Papers 227
1.撰写论文的准备Preparing for a Research Paper 227
2.研究论文的撰写Writing a Research Paper 228
3.研究论文的特点Characteristics of Scientific Writing 232
4.研究论文写作要求Writing Requirements 232
第二节 学术报告Research Reports 233
1.撰写学术报告准备Preparing for a Report 233
2.学术报告的撰写Writing a Report 233
第三节 撰写摘要Writing an Abstract 237
1.摘要的类型Types of Abstracts 237
3.摘要常用句型Sentence Patterns Used in English Abstracts 242
2.语言特点和写作要求Linguistic Features and Writing Requirements 242
4.关键词的说明Key Words 244
5.实例练习Practical Example 244
第四节 文章概要Summary 248
1.写作要点Main Points to Keep in Mind When Writing 249
2.实例分析Samples with Comments 249
3.实例练习Practical Examples 251
第五节 引文及参考文献格式Documentation Style 256
1.现代语言学会论文格式MLA Style 256
2.美国心理学会论文格式APA Style 258
3.芝加哥论文格式CMS Style 260
4.生物学编辑委员会论文格式CBE Style 262
5.其他格式指南List of Style Manuals 264
第八章 标准考试样文评析Comments on Sample Compositions from Standard English Tests 266
第一节 大学英语四、六级考试样文评析Sample Compositions from CET-4 CET-6 266
1.大学英语四、六级考试评分原则及评分标准Evaluation Principles Standards for CET-4 CET-6 266
2.大学英语四、六级考试样文评析Sample Compositions with Comments:CET-4 CET-6 267
3.大学英语四、六级考试作文题目及样文Topics and Samples of the Recent CET-4 CET-6 276
第二节 全国硕士研究生入学考试样文评析Sample Compositions from the National Entrance English Test for MA/MS Candidates 290
1.全国硕士研究生入学考试作文评分原则及评分标准Evaluation Principles Standards for the National Entrance English Test for MA/MS Candidates 290
2.全国硕士研究生入学考试样文评析Sample Compositions with Comments:The National Entrance English Test for MA/MS Candidates 292
3.同等学力人员申请硕士学位全国英语统考作文评分标准English Qualifying Test for Master's Degree Applicants:Evaluation Standards 299
第三节 全国公共英语等级考试Public English Test System 300
1.全国公共英语等级考试第四级PETS-4 300
2.全国公共英语等级考试第五级PETS-5 302
第四节 托福考试样文评析Sample Compositions from TOEFL 306
1.托福写作考试评分标准Evaluation Standards for TWE in TOEFL 307
2.托福考试样文评析Sample Compositions with Comments:TOEFL 308
3.托福写作考试策略Strategies for TWE in TOEFL 310
第九章 英语写作应试指导Skills and Preparation for English Writing Tests 312
第一节 应试作文的体裁与题型Composition Types in Testing 312
1.比较型议论文Comparative-Argument Essay 312
2.辩论型议论文Pro-and-Con Essay 316
3.阐述说明型议论文Inductive and Deductive Essay 319
4.因果分析型议论文Cause and Effect Essay 324
第二节 应试步骤Steps in Writing a Successful Composition 327
1.审题构思Generating and Organizing Ideas 327
第三节 应试技巧Skills for Use in Testing 328
1.作文结构Clear Organization 328
2.写作成文Writing 328
3.检查与修改Checking Revising 328
2.作文内容Convincing Content 329
3.语言表达Effective Use of Language 329
第四节 考前准备Preparation Before Tests 329
1.在阅读中培养写作能力Improving Through Reading 330
2.在实践中提高写作能力Improving in Practice 330
3.提高词语运用与措辞能力Developing a Personal Glossary of Usage Diction 331
附录Ⅰ 练习参考答案Answer Key for Reference 338
附录Ⅱ 英语格言谚语选录Selected English Proverbs 358
附录Ⅲ 主要参考文献References 364