1 Properties of Materials 1
1.1 Physical Properties 1
1.1.1 Mass Density 1
1.1.2 Theoretical Density or X-ray Density of Solids 2
1.1.3 Apparent,Bulk,and Tap Densities 2
1.1.4 Specific Weight 3
1.1.5 Specific Gravity 3
1.1.6 Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle 3
1.1.7 Pycnometers for Solids 4
1.1.8 Density of Mixtures 5
1.2 Mechanical Properties 6
1.2.1 Stress and Pressure 7
1.2.2 Strain 7
1.2.3 Elastic Moduli and Hooke's Law 7
1.2.4 The Stress-Strain Curve 8
1.2.5 Strain Hardening Exponent 11
1.2.6 Hardness 11
1.2.7 Resilience and Modulus of Resilience 15
1.2.8 Toughness 15
1.2.9 Maximum Allowable Stress 15
1.2.10 Fracture Toughness 16
1.2.11 Brittleness Indices 17
1.2.12 Creep 17
1.2.13 Ductile-Brittle Transition 18
1.2.14 Fatigue 18
1.2.15 Tribological and Lubricating Properties of Solids 19
1.2.15.1 Static Friction Coefficient 19
1.2.15.2 Sliding Friction Coefficient 20
1.2.16 Ashby's Mechanical Performance Indices 21
1.2.17 Order of Magnitude of Mechanical Properties of Solid Materials 21
1.3 Acoustical Properties 23
1.3.1 Velocity of Sound in Materials 23
1.3.2 Sound Intensity 23
1.3.3 Attenuation of Sound at a Given Distance from a Source 24
1.3.4 Damping Capacity of Solids and Loss Factor 24
1.4 Thermal Properties 25
1.4.1 Molar and Specific Heat Capacities 25
1.4.2 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion 26
1.4.3 Volume Expansion on Melting 27
1.4.4 Thermal Shock Resistance 27
1.4.5 Heat Transfer Processes 28
1.4.6 Thermal Conductivity 28
1.4.7 Thermal Diffusivity 29
1.4.8 Spectral Emissivity 30
1.4.9 Temperature and Latent Enthalpies of Fusion,Vaporization,and Sublimation 30
1.4.10 Order of Magnitude of Thermal Properties of Materials 32
1.5 Optical Properties 32
1.5.1 Index of Refraction 32
1.5.2 Total Reflection and Critical Angle 34
1.5.3 Specific and Molar Refraction 35
1.5.4 Refractivity 35
1.5.5 Dispersion 35
1.5.6 Coefficient of Dispersion 36
1.5.7 Abbe Number 36
1.5.8 Temperature Dependence of the Refractive Index 36
1.5.9 Anisotropic Materials 36
1.5.10 Birefringence 37
1.5.11 Albedo and Reflective Index 37
1.5.12 Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum 38
1.5.13 Order of Magnitude of Optical Properties of Transparent Materials 38
1.5.14 Macroscopic Absorption of Light 39
1.5.14.1 Damping Constant 39
1.5.14.2 First Law of Absorption (Bouger's Law) 39
1.5.14.3 Second Law of Absorption(Beer-Lambert Law) 40
1.5.14.4 Absorbance or Optical Density 40
1.5.15 Microscopic Absorption and Emission Processes 41
1.5.16 Einstein Coefficients 42
1.5.16.1 Einstein Coefficient of Absorption 42
1.5.16.2 Einstein Coefficient of Spontaneous Emission 43
1.5.16.3 Einstein Coefficient of Stimulated Emission 44
1.5.16.4 Relation Between Einstein Coefficients 44
1.5.16.5 Relations Between Einstein and Extinction Coefficients 45
1.5.17 Luminescence 45
1.5.17.1 Excitation 46
1.5.17.2 Internal Conversion 46
1.5.17.3 Fluorescence 46
1.5.17.4 Intercombination 46
1.5.17.5 Delayed Fluorescence 47
1.5.17.6 Phosphorescence 47
1.6 Other Properties 47
1.6.1 Biocompatibility 47
1.6.2 Electronegativity 48
1.6.3 Chemical Abstract Registry Number 50
1.7 Fundamental Constants 50
1.8 Conversion Factors 52
1.9 Further Reading 54
1.9.1 Mathematics and Statistics 54
1.9.2 Units and Conversion Tables 55
1.9.3 Physics 55
1.9.4 Physical Chemistry 55
1.9.5 Engineering Fundamentals 56
1.9.6 General Handbooks 56
1.9.7 Mechanical Properties 56
1.9.8 Electrical Properties 56
1.9.9 Thermal Properties 56
1.9.10 Metallurgy 57
1.9.11 Materials Science 57
A Background Data for the Chemical Elements 1181
A.1 Periodic Chart of the Elements 1181
A.2 Historical Names of the Chemical Elements 1181
A.3 UNS Standard Alphabetical Designation 1181
A.4 Names of Transfermium Elements 101-110 1184
A.5 Selected Physical Properties of the Elements 1185
A.6 Geochemical Classification of the Elements 1185
B NIST Thermochemical Data for Pure Substances 1195
C Natural Radioactivity and Radionuclides 1201
C.1 Introduction 1201
C.2 Mononuclidic Elements 1202
C.3 Nuclear Decay Series 1202
C.4 Non-Series Primordial Radionuclides 1205
C.5 Cosmogenic Radionuclides 1206
C.6 NORM and TENORM 1206
C.7 Activity Calculations 1207
C.7.1 Activity of a Material Containing One Natural Radionuclide 1207
C.7.2 Activity of a Material Containing Natural U and Th 1207
D Crystallography and Crystallochemistry 1209
D.1 Direct Space Lattice Parameters 1209
D.2 Symmetry Elements 1210
D.3 The Seven Crystal Systems 1211
D.4 Conversion of a Rhombohedral to a Hexagonal Lattice 1211
D.5 The 14 Bravais Space Lattices 1211
D.6 Characteristics ofClose-Packed Arrangements 1211
D.7 The 32 Classes of Symmetry 1212
D.8 Strukturbericht Structures 1215
D.9 The 230 Space Groups 1221
D.10 Crystallographic Calculations 1228
D.10.1 Theoretical Crystal Density 1228
D.10.2 Lattice Point and Vector Position 1228
D.10.3 Scalar Product 1228
D.10.4 Vector or Cross Product 1228
D.10.5 Mixed Product and Cell Multiplicity 1229
D.10.6 Unit Cell Volume 1230
D.10.7 Plane Angle between Lattice Planes 1230
D.11 Interplanar Spacing 1231
D.12 Reciprocal Lattice Unit Cell 1232
E Transparent Materials for Optical Windows 1233
F Corrosion Resistance of Materials Towards Various Corrosive Media 1237
G Economic Data for Metals,Industrial Minerals and Electricity 1245
G.1 Prices of Pure Elements 1245
G.2 World Annual Production of Commodities 1248
G.3 Economic Data for Industrial Minerals 1249
G.4 Prices of Electricity in Various Countries 1254
H Geological Time Scale 1255
I Materials Societies 1257
Bibliography 1269
1 General Desk References 1269
1.1 Scientific and Technical Writing 1269
1.2 Chemicals 1270
1.3 Plant Cost Estimation and Process Economics 1270
1.4 Thermodynamic Tables 1271
1.5 Phase Diagrams 1271
2 Dictionaries and Encyclopedias 1272
3 Comprehensive Series in Material Sciences 1272