Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Pilot Testing 3
1.2 The Significance of Data Collection Measures 4
1.3 Elicitation Pitfalls 8
1.4 Replication and Data Reporting 11
1.5 Relationships Between Treatments and Data Collection 13
1.6 Conclusion 14
Chapter 2 Psycholinguistics-Based Research 15
2.1 Naturalistic Data 16
2.2 Prompted Production 20
2.3 Prompted Responses 22
2.3.1 Reaction Time 22
2.3.2 Sentence Interpretation 25
2.3.3 Elicited Imitation 27
2.3 4 Word Association 29
2.3.5 Priming 31
2.3.6 Lexical Decision 33
2.3.7 Cross-Modal（Lexical）Priming 34
2.3.8 Eye Movement 35
2.3.9 Moving Window 38
2.3.10 Stroop Test 43
2.4 Conclusion 44
Chapter 3 Cognitive Processes，Capacities，and Strategies-Based Research 47
3.1 Naturalistic Data 48
3.1.1 Observations 48
3.1.2 Diaries 49
3.2 Prompted Production 52
3.2.1 The Strategy Inventory for Language Learning（SILL） 53
3.2.2 Stimulated Recall 55
3.2.3 Think-Aloud Protocols 57
3.2.4 Immediate Recalls 62
3.3 Prompted Responses 65
3.3.1 Aptitude Tests 65
3.3.2 Working Memory Tests 69
3.4 Conclusion 72
Chapter 4 Linguistics-Based Research 73
4.1 Naturalistic Data 75
4.2 Prompted Production 78
4.2.1 Elicited Imitation 78
4.2.2 Picture Description 80
4.2.3 Structured Elicitation 81
4.2.4 Story Telling 84
4.2.5 Sentence Combining 85
4.3 Prompted Responses 87
4.3.1 Acceptability Judgments 88
4.3.2 Magnitude Estimation 102
4.3.3 Truth-Value Judgments and Other Interpretation Tasks 105
4.3.4 Sentence Matching 108
4.4 Conclusion 110
Chapter 5 Interaction-Based Research 111
5.1 Naturalistic Data 112
5.2 Prompted Production 114
5.2.1 Picture-Description Tasks 114
5.2.2 Spot-the-Difference Tasks 115
5.2.3 Story-Completion Tasks 119
5.2.4 Map Tasks 122
5.2.5 Consensus Tasks 122
5.2.6 Consciousness-Raising Tasks 125
5.3 Prompted Responses 127
5.4 Introspective Data 128
5.5 Conclusion 131
Chapter 6 Sociolinguistics and Pragmatics-Based Research 133
6.1 Naturalistic Data 133
6.1.1 Oral Data 134
6.1.2 Diary Studies 136
6.2 Prompted Production 138
6.2.1 Narratives 138
6.2.2 Role-Plays 143
6.3 Prompted Responses 144
6.3.1 Discourse Completion Test（DCT） 144
6.3.2 Video Playback for Interpretation 148
6.3.3 Matched Guise 150
6.4 Conclusion 152
Chapter 7 Survey-Based Research 153
7.1 Naturalistic Data 154
7.2 Prompted Production（Open-Ended Items） 156
7.3 Prompted Responses（Closed-Ended Items） 158
7.4 Topics in Questionnaire studies 160
7.5 Advantages and Caveats 166
7.5.1 Advantages 166
7.5.2 Caveats 168
7.6 Conclusion 169
Chapter 8 Classroom-Based Research 171
8.1 Naturalistic Classroom Research 171
8.1.1 Observations 172
8.2 Experimental Classroom Research 179
8.3 Action Research 182
8.4 Conclusion 185
References 187
Glossary 203
Author Index 210
Subject Index 215