Introduction：What Are Geological Field Trips? 1
0.1 The Significance of Geological Field Trips 1
0.1.1 Geological Field Trips—an Effective Way of Popularizing Geological Knowledge 1
0.1.2 Geological Field Trips—a Beneficial Guide to Scientific Tourism 2
0.1.3 Geological Field Trips—Practical Activities for Temperament Edification,Environmental Preservation and the Earth Care 3
0.2 The Current Status and Trends of the Research 3
0.2.1 The Current Status of the Course Construction of“Geological Field Trips” 3
0.2.2 The Current Situation of the Research of Bilingual Teaching 3
0.2.3 Developing Trend 4
0.3 Course Contents 5
内容导读 5
Section 1 Primary Geology 8
内容导读 9
名词·术语 9
Chapter 1 Geological Field Trips in Sedimentary Rock Areas 11
1.1 The Formation of Sedimentary Rocks 11
1.1.1 Exogenic Process 11
1.1.2 The Types of Exogenic Process 11
1.2 The Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks 13
1.2.1 The Characteristics of Clastic Rocks 14
1.2.2 The Characteristics of Carbonate Rocks 20
1.3 The Main Types of Sedimentary Rocks 22
1.4 Sedimentary Rocks and Mineral Products 23
1.4.1 Sedimentary Rocks and the Production of Precious Stones 24
1.4.2 Sedimentary Rocks and Petroleum 26
1.5 Sedimentary Rocks and Natural Scenery 26
内容导读 27
名词·术语 28
Chapter 2 Geological Field Trips in Magmatic Rock Areas 30
2.1 The Formation of Magmatic Rocks 30
2.2 Magmatism 31
2.2.1 Eruption（Volcanism）and Extrusive Rocks 32
2.2.2 Intrusion 36
2.3 The Characteristics of Magmatic Rocks 37
2.3.1 The Mineral Components of Magmatic Rocks 37
2.3.2 The Textures of Magmatic Rocks 37
2.3.3 The Structures of Magmatic Rocks 38
2.4 The Main Types of Magmatic Rocks 39
2.5 Anecdotes of Magmatic Rocks 40
2.5.1 The Oldest Rock in the World 40
2.5.2 Wudalianchi and Volcanoes 40
2.5.3 Magmatic Rocks and the Production of Precious Stones 41
内容导读 44
名词·术语 45
Chapter 3 Geological Field Trips in Metamorphic Rock Areas 46
3.1 Metamorphism 46
3.1.1 The Ways of Metamorphism 46
3.1.2 The Types of Metamorphism 48
3.2 The Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks 49
3.2.1 The Mineral Component Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks 49
3.2.2 The Texture Features of Metamorphic Rocks 49
3.2.3 The Structure Features of Metamorphic Rocks 50
3.3 The Types of Metamorphic Rocks 50
3.3.1 Regional Metamorphic Rocks 50
3.3.2 Contact Metamorphic Rocks 51
3.3.3 Dynamic Metamorphic Rocks 51
3.3.4 Migmatite Rocks 52
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks and Precious Stones 53
3.4.1 Jade 53
3.4.2 Ruby 57
3.4.3 Sapphire 58
3.4.4 Xi Inkstone—One of the Four Famous Inkstones 58
3.5 Metamorphic Rocks and Natural Landscapes 59
内容导读 60
名词·术语 61
Chapter 4 Geological Time and Stratigraphic Contact Relationship 62
4.1 Geological Time 62
4.1.1 Relative Geological Ages and Their Determination 62
4.1.2 Absolute Geological Ages 66
4.1.3 Stratigraphic Units 66
4.2 Stratigraphic Contact Relationships 68
4.2.1 Conformity 68
4.2.2 Unconformity 68
4.3 The Occurrences of Strata and Their Formation Ages 70
4.3.1 The Occurrences of Strata 71
4.3.2 The Formation Ages of Occurrences 71
内容导读 72
名词·术语 74
Chapter 5 Crust Movements and Geological Structures 75
5.1 What Are Crust Movements？ 75
5.1.1 Horizontal Movements 76
5.1.2 Vertical Movements 78
5.2 Geological Structures 79
5.2.1 Horizontal Structure 80
5.2.2 Inclined Structure 80
5.2.3 Fold Structure 80
5.2.4 Fault Structure 81
5.3 Tectonic Movements and Geological Landscapes 84
5.3.1 The Rise of Plateaus and the Formation of Mountains 84
5.3.2 The Fault Scarps—the Formation of Canyons 86
5.3.3 The Sutures and Continental Rifts 87
5.3.4 Structural Windows and Klippes Formed by Thrust Faults 89
内容导读 90
名词·术语 92
Section 2 Geological Landscapes 93
Chapter 6 An Overview of the Mountain Scenery 93
6.1 The Origin of Mountain Landscapes 93
6.1.1 The Origin of the Concept of Orogeny 93
6.1.2 Four Orogenies in History 95
6.1.3 The Features of Mountain Landscapes 96
6.2 Compositional Features of Rocks of China's Famous Scenic Spots and Their Geological Origin 96
6.2.1 Famous Scenic Mountains of Different Rock Types and the Origin 97
6.2.2 Other Geological Origins of Famous Mountains and Their Scenic Spots 100
6.3 The Types of Famous Mountains in China 102
6.3.1 The Five Sacred Mountains 102
6.3.2 The Four Famous Buddhist Mountains 109
6.3.3 The Main Taoist Mountains 112
6.3.4 Other Famous Mountains 113
6.4 The Important and Word-Famous Mountains 117
6.4.1 The Olympus 117
6.4.2 The Alps 119
6.4.3 Mount Kilimanjaro 120
内容导读 122
名词·术语 124
Chapter 7 Water Scenery 126
7.1 The Beauty of Rivers 126
7.1.1 The Geologic Process of Rivers 126
7.1.2 The Formation of Rivers 128
7.1.3 Famous Rivers 129
7.2 Waterfalls 138
7.2.1 The Tourist Value of Waterfalls 138
7.2.2 The Formation and Types of Waterfalls 139
7.2.3 The Display of Famous Waterfalls 140
7.3 Lakes 145
7.3.1 Classification of Lakes 145
7.3.2 The Origin,Discharge and Chemical Composition of Lake Water 148
7.3.3 The Tourist Value of Lakes 149
7.3.4 The Bests of Lakes 150
7.3.5 The Appreciation of Lakes 150
7.4 Glaciers 156
7.4.1 The Forming Conditions of Glaciers 156
7.4.2 The Types of Glaciers 157
7.4.3 Glacier Vestige and the Ice Age 158
7.4.4 Glacial Landforms—Ancient Glacial Traces 159
7.4.5 Miniature of Modern Glaciers 161
7.5 Magnificent Oceans 166
7.5.1 The Formation and Development of Seacoasts 167
7.5.2 The Types of Seacoasts 169
7.5.3 Beautiful Beachscapes 171
7.5.4 Sea Tides 172
7.6 Springs 173
7.6.1 The Types of Springs 174
7.6.2 Appreciation of Famous Springs 176
内容导读 178
名词·术语 182
Chapter 8 Karst Landscapes 184
8.1 The Origins and Distribution of Karst Landscapes 184
8.1.1 A Brief Overview 184
8.1.2 The Formation of Karst Landforms 184
8.1.3 The Types of Karst Landforms 186
8.2 Typical Karst Landscapes 190
8.2.1 Guilin Scenery 190
8.2.2 Yunnan Stone Forest 191
8.2.3 Halong Bay 193
内容导读 195
名词·术语 197
Chapter 9 Aeolian Landforms 198
9.1 The Features and Types of Aeolian Landforms 198
9.1.1 The Formation and Features of Aeolian Landforms 198
9.1.2 The Main Viewing Patterns and Types of Aeolian Landforms 200
9.2 Well-known Sand Landscapes Home and Abroad 204
9.2.1 Qaidam Basin 204
9.2.2 Urho Ghost City 206
9.2.3 The Singing Sand Hill and the Crescent Spring 208
9.2.4 The Sahara Desert 210
9.2.5 The Arizona Desert 212
内容导读 213
名词·术语 215
Section 3 Geoparks 216
Chapter 10 A Brief Introduction to Geoparks 216
10.1 The Basic Concept of Geoparks 216
10.1.1 Geological Heritages 216
10.1.2 Geoparks 218
10.1.3 The Great Significance of Geoparks 218
10.1.4 The Characteristics of Geoparks 219
10.2 The Distribution of Geoparks 221
10.2.1 The Distribution of Global Geoparks 221
10.2.2 The Distribution of National Geoparks in China 224
10.3 Examples of Famous Geoparks 231
10.3.1 Yellowstone National Geopark 231
10.3.2 Zhangjiajie Sandstone Peak Forest Geopark 235
10.3.3 Chaoyang Bird Fossils National Geopark 236
内容导读 238
名词·术语 254
参考文献（References） 255