1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation from previous metaphor studies 2
1.2 Insights from attitude studies 7
1.3 Scope of the research 12
1.4 Research questions and objectives 13
1.5 Methodology and data 15
1.6 Significance of the research 17
1.7 Organization of the book 18
2 Literature Review：An Attitudinal Perspective 21
2.1 Rhetorical studies 22
2.2 Semantic studies 40
2.3 Pragmatic studies 49
2.4 Cognitive studies 60
2.5 Hybrids 65
2.6 Summary 71
3 Theoretical Considerations 75
3.1 Attitude system in Appraisal Theory 76
3.2 Realization hierarchy 84
3.3 Instantiation cline 89
3.4 Reading position and analytic perspective 94
3.5 Prosody 96
3.6 Interpretation principles 98
4 The Terrain of the Attitudinal Meanings of Metaphors 103
4.1 Types of attitude via metaphors 104
4 2 Features of attitude via metaphors 122
4.3 Polyphony in attitude via metaphors 169
4.4 Summary 180
5 Metaphorical Realization of Attitude 183
5.1 A classification of metaphorical realizations 184
5.2 Realization via G-terms of metaphors 187
5.3 Realization via V-terms of metaphors 218
5.4 Realization via T-terms of metaphors 247
5.5 Summary 254
6 Metaphorical Instantiation of Attitude 257
6.1 Strategies of instantiating attitude in metaphors 258
6.2 Attitude instantiated by metaphorical inscribing 264
6.3 Attitude instantiated by metaphorical affording 285
6.4 Attitude instantiated by metaphorical flagging 305
6.5 Summary 316
7 Conclusion 319
7.1 Summary of the research 319
7.2 Major findings of the research 322
7.3 Limitations and prospects 327
Appendix 331
References 349
Acknowledgements 363