Introduction 13
12 Minerals,Ores and Gemstones 751
12.1 Definitions 751
12.2 Mineralogical,Physical and Chemical Properties 756
12.2.1 Mineral Names 756
12.2.2 Chemical Formula and Theoretical Chemical Composition 757
12.2.3 Crystallographic Properties 757
12.2.4 Habit or Crystal Form 758
12.2.5 Color 759
12.2.6 Diaphaneity or Transmission of Light 760
12.2.7 Luster 760
12.2.8 Cleavage and Parting 760
12.2.9 Fracture 761
12.2.10 Streak 761
12.2.11 Tenacity 761
12.2.12 Density and Specific Gravity 762
12.2.13 Mohs Hardness 762
12.2.14 Optical Properties 765
12.2.15 Static Electricity and Magnetism 766
12.2.16 Luminescence 766
12.2.17 Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity 766
12.2.18 Play of Colors and Chatoyancy 767
12.2.19 Radioactivity 767
12.2.20 Miscellaneous Properties 767
12.2.21 Chemical Reactivity 767
12.2.22 Pyrognostic Tests or Fire Assays 768
12.2.22.1 The Flame Test 768
12.2.22.2 The Fusibility Test 770
12.2.22.3 The Reduction on Charcoal 771
12.2.22.4 Tests with Cobalt Nitrate and Sulfur Iodide 771
12.2.22.5 The Closed Tube Test 772
12.2.22.6 The Open Tube Test 774
12.2.22.7 The Bead Tests 775
12.2.23 Heavy-Media or Sink-float Separations in Mineralogy 776
12.2.23.1 Selection of Dense Media 777
12.2.23.2 Common Heavy Liquids Used in Mineralogy 777
12.3 Strunz Classification of Minerals 777
12.4 Dana's Classification of Minerals 779
12.5 Gemstones 781
12.5.1 Diamond 783
12.5.1.1 Introduction 783
12.5.1.2 Diamond Types 784
12.5.1.3 Diamond Physical and Chemical Properties 784
12.5.1.4 Diamond:Origins and Occurrence 786
12.5.1.5 Industrial Applications 787
12.5.1.6 Diamond Prices 788
12.5.1.7 Treatments 788
12.5.1.8 Diamond Shaping and Valuation 788
12.5.2 Beryl Gem Varieties 789
12.5.2.1 Emerald 790
12.5.2.2 Aquamarine 791
12.5.2.3 Morganite 792
12.5.2.4 Heliodor 792
12.5.2.5 Goshenite 792
12.5.3 Corundum Gem Varieties 792
12.5.3.1 Ruby 794
12.5.3.2 Sapphire 794
12.5.4 Synthetic Gemstones 795
12.5.4.1 Synthesis from Melts 795
12.5.4.2 Synthesis from Solutions 796
12.5.4.3 Diamond Synthesis 797
12.6 IMA Acronyms of Rock-forming Minerals 798
12.7 Mineral and Gemstone Properties Table 800
12.8 Mineral Synonyms 868
12.9 Further Reading 878
12.9.1 Crystallography 878
12.9.2 Optical Mineralogy 879
12.9.3 Mineralogy 880
12.9.4 Industrial Minerals 881
12.9.5 Ores 881
12.9.6 Gemstones 882
12.9.7 Heavy Liquids and Mineral Dressing 883
13 Rocks and Meteorites 885
13.1 Introduction 885
13.2 Structure of the Earth's Interior 886
13.3 Different Type of Rocks 889
13.4 Igneous Rocks 890
13.4.1 Classification of Igneous Rocks 891
13.4.1.1 Crystals Morphology and Dimensions 892
13.4.1.2 Mineralogy 892
13.4.1.3 Coloration 894
13.4.2 Texture of Igneous Rocks 895
13.4.3 Chemistry of Igneous Rocks 896
13.4.4 General Classification of Igneous Rocks 899
13.4.5 Vesicular and Pyroclastic Igneous Rocks 904
13.5 Sedimentary Rocks 904
13.5.1 Sediments 906
13.5.2 Residual Sedimentary Rocks 906
13.5.3 Detritic or Clastic Sedimentary Rocks 907
13.5.4 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks 908
13.5.5 Biogenic Sedimentary Rocks 909
13.5.6 Chemical Composition 910
13.6 Metamorphic Rocks 910
13.6.1 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks 911
13.6.2 Metamorphic Grade 911
13.6.3 Metamorphic Facies 912
13.7 Ice 912
13.8 Meteorites 914
13.8.1 Definitions 914
13.8.2 Modern Classification of Meteorites 914
13.8.3 Tektites,Impactites,and Fulgurites 920
13.9 Properties of Common Rocks 921
13.10 Further Reading 925