1 Introduction to Genetics 1
2 Mitosis and Meiosis 17
3 Mendelian Genetics 37
4 Modification of Mendelian Ratios 60
5 Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes 92
6 Chromosome Mutations:Variation in Number and Arrangement 111
7 Linkage and Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes 132
8 Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and B acteriophages 159
9 DNA Structure and Analysis 181
10 DNA Replication and Recombination 203
11 Chromosome Structure and DNA Sequence Organization 224
12 The Genetic Code and Transcription 240
13 Translation and Proteins 261
14 Gene Mutation,Transposition,and DNA Repair 284
15 Regulation of Gene Expression 308
16 Cancer and Regulation of the Cell Cycle 334
17 Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Cloning 351
18 Genomics,Bioinformatics,and Proteomics 375
19 Applications and Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 407
20 Developmental Genetics 433
21 Genetics and Behavior 450
22 Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits 465
23 Population and Evolutionary Genetics 483
24 Conservation Genetics 507
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Genetics 1
1.1 Genetics Has a Rich and Interesting History 2
1.2 Genetics Progressed from Mendel to DNA in Less Than a Century 4
1.3 Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Era of Molecular Genetics 6
1.4 Development of Recombinant DNA Technology Began the Era of DNA Cloning 8
1.5 The Impact of Biotechnology Is Continually Expanding 9
1.6 Genomics,Proteomics,and Bioinformatics Are New and Expanding Fields 12
1.7 Genetic Studies Rely on the Use of Model Organisms 12
1.8 We Live in the Age of Genetics 14
GENETICS,TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY 15
Genetics and Society:The Application and Impact of Science and Technology 15
EXPLORING GENOMICS 15
Internet Resources for Learning about Genomics,Bioinformatics,and Proteomics 15
Case Study:Extending essential ideas of genetics beyond the classroom 16
Problems and Discussion Questions 16
CHAPTER 2 Mitosis and Meiosis 17
2.1 Cell Structure Is Closely Tied to Genetic Function 18
2.2 Chromosomes Exist in Homologous Pairs in Diploid Organisms 20
2.3 Mitosis Partitions Chromosomes into Dividing Cells 22
2.4 Meiosis Reduces the Chromosome Number from Diploid to Haploid in Germ Cells and Spores 26
2.5 The Development of Gametes Varies during Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis 30
2.6 Meiosis Is Critical to the Sexual Reproduction Cycle of All Diploid Organisms 32
2.7 Electron Microscopy Has Revealed the Cytological Nature of Mitotic and Meiotic Chromosomes 33
EXPLORING GENOMICS 34
PubMed:Exploring and Retrieving Biomedical Literature 34
Case Study:Timing is everything 35
Insights and Solutions 35
Problems and Discussion Questions 36
CHAPTER 3 Mendelian Genetics 37
3.1 Mendel Used a Model Experimental Approach to Study Patterns of Inheritance 38
3.2 The Monohybrid Cross Reveals How One Trait Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation 39
3.3 Mendel's Dihybrid Cross Generated a Unique F2 Ratio 42
How Mendel's Peas Become Wrinkled:A Molecular Explanation 43
3.4 The Trihybrid Cross Demonstrates That Mendel's Principles Apply to Inheritance of Multiple Traits 44
3.5 Mendel's Work Was Rediscovered in the Early Twentieth Century 46
3.6 Independent Assortment Leads to Extensive Genetic Variation 48
Tay-Sachs Disease:The Molecular Basis of a Recessive Disorder in Humans 48
3.7 Laws of Probability Help to Explain Genetic Events 49
3.8 Chi-Square Analysis Evaluates the Influence of Chance on Genetic Data 49
3.9 Pedigrees Reveal Patterns of Inheritance of Human Traits 52
EXPLORING GENOMICS 54
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 54
Case Study:To test or not to test 55
Insights and Solutions 55
Problems and Discussion Questions 57
CHAPTER 4 Modification of Mendelian Ratios 60
4.1 Alleles Alter Phenotypes in Different Ways 61
4.2 Geneticists Use a Variety of Symbols for Alleles 62
4.3 Neither Allele Is Dominant in Incomplete,or Partial,Dominance 62
4.4 In Codominance,the Influence of Both Alleles in a Heterozygote Is Clearly Evident 63
4.5 Multiple Alleles of a Gene May Exist in a Population 64
4.6 Lethal Alleles Represent Essential Genes 65
Thc Molecular Basis of Dominance and Recessiverness:The Agouti Gene 66
4.7 Combinations of Two Gene Pairs with Two Modes of Inheritance Modify the 9:3:3:1 Ratio 66
4.8 Phenotypes Are Often Affected by More Than One Gene 67
4.9 Complementation Analysis Can Determine If Two Mutations Causing a Similar Phenotype Are Alleles of the Same Gene 72
4.10 Expression of a Single Gene May Have Multiple Effects 73
4.11 X-Linkage Describes Genes on the X Chromosome 73
4.12 In Sex-Limited and Sex-Influenced Inheritance,an Individual's Sex Influences the Phenotype 76
4.13 Genetic Background and the Environment Affect Phenotypic Expression 77
4.14 Extranuclear Inheritance Modifies Mendelian Patterns 80
GENETICS,TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY 84
Improving the Genetic Fate of Purebred Dogs 84
Case Study:A twin difference 85
Insights and Solutions 85
Problems and Discussion Questions 87
CHAPTER 5 Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes 92
5.1 Life Cycles Depend on Sexual Differentiation 93
5.2 X and Y Chromosomes Were First Linked to Sex Determination Early in the Twentieth Century 96
5.3 The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness in Humans 97
5.4 The Ratio of Males to Females in Humans Is Not 1.0 101
5.5 Dosage Compensation Prevents Excessive Expression of X-Linked Genes in Humans and Other Mammals 102
5.6 The Ratio of X Chromosomes to Sets of Autosomes Determines Sex in Drosophila 104
5.7 Temperature Variation Controls Sex Determination in Reptiles 106
GENETICS,TECHNOGY,AND SOCIETY 107
A Question of Gender:Sex Selection in Humans 107
Case Study:Doggone it! 108
Insights and Solutions 108
Problems and Discussion Questions 109
CHAPTER 6 Chromosome Mutations:Variation in Number and Arrangement 111
6.1 Variation in Chromosome Number:Terminology and Origin 112
6.2 Monosomy and Trisomy Result in a Variety of Phenotypic Effects 113
6.3 Polyploidy,in Which More Than Two Haploid Sets of Chromosomes Are Present,Is Prevalent in Plants 116
6.4 Variation Occurs in the Composition and Arrangement of Chromosomes 119
6.5 A Deletion Is a Missing Region of a Chromosome 119
6.6 A Duplication Is a Repeated Segment of a Chromosome 121
6.7 Inversions Rearrange the Linear Gene Sequence 123
Copy Number Variants(CNVs)—Duplications and Deletions at the Molecular Level 123
6.8 Translocations Alter the Location of Chromosomal Segments in the Genome 125
6.9 Fragile Sites in Human Chromosomes Are Susceptible to Breakage 127
GENETICS,TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY 128
Down Syndrome,Prenatal Testing,and the New Eugenics 128
Case study:Fish tales 129
Insights and Solutions 129
Problems and Discussion Questions 130
CHAPTER 7 Linkage and Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes 132
7.1 Genes Linked on the Same Chromosome Segregate Together 133
7.2 Crossing Over Serves as the Basis of Determining the Distance between Genes during Mapping 136
7.3 Determining the Gene Sequence during Mapping Requires the Analysis of Multiple Crossovers 139
7.4 As the Distance between Two Genes Increases,Mapping Estimates Become More Inaccurate 145
7.5 Lod Score Analysis and Somatic Cell Hybridization Were Historically Important in Creating Human Chromosome Maps 147
7.6 Chromosome Mapping Is Now Possible Using DNA Markers and Annotated Computer Databases 148
7.7 Linkage and Mapping Studies Can Be Performed in Haploid Organisms 149
7.8 Other Aspects of Genetic Exchange 150
7.9 Did Mendel Encounter Linkage? 152
Why Didn't Gregor Mendel Find Linkag? 152
EXPLORING GENOMICS 153
Human Chromosome Maps on the Internet 153
Case Study:Links to autism 153
Insights and Solutions 154
Problems and Discussion Questions 155
CHAPTER 8 Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages 159
8.1 Bacteria Mutate Spontaneously and Grow at an Exponential Rate 160
8.2 Conjugation Is One Means of Genetic Recombination in Bacteria 161
8.3 Rec Proteins Are Essential to Bacterial Recombination 168
8.4 The F Factor Is an Example of a Plasmid 168
8.5 Transformation Is Another Process Leading to Genetic Recombination in Bacteria 169
8.6 Bacteriophages Are Bacterial Viruses 170
8.7 Transduction Is Virus-Mediated Bacterial DNA Transfer 173
8.8 Bacteriophages Undergo Intergenic Recombination 175
GENETICS TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY 177
From Cholera Genes to Edible Vaccines 177
Case Study:To treat or not to treat 178
Insights and Solutions 178
Problems and Discussion Questions 179
DNA Structure and Analysis 181
9.1 The Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four Characteristics 182
9.2 Until 1944,Observations Favored Protein as the Genetic Material 183
9.3 Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material Was First Obtained during the Study of Bacteria and Bacteriophages 183
9.4 Indirect and Direct Evidence Supports the Concept that DNA Is the Genetic Materia in Eukaryotes 188
9.5 RNA Serves as the Genetic Material in Some Viruses 189
9.6 The Structure of DNA Holds the Key to Understanding Its Function 190
Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids:A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid 195
9.7 Alternative Forms of DNA Exist 196
9.8 The Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA,but Single-Stranded 197
9.9 Many Analytical Techniques Have Been Useful during the Investigation of DNA and RNA 197
EXPLORING GENOMICS 200
Introduction to Bioinformatics:BLAST 200
Case Study:Zigs and zags of the smallpox virus 201
Insights and Solutions 201
Problems and Discussion Questions 201
CHAPTER 10 DNA Replication and Recombination 203
10.1 DNA Is Reproduced by Semiconservative Replication 204
10.2 DNA Synthesis in Bacteria Involves Five Polymerases,as Well as Other Enzymes 208
10.3 Many Complex Issues Must Be Resolved during DNA Replication 211
10.4 A Coherent Model Summarizes DNA Replication 214
10.5 Replication Is Controlled by a Variety of Genes 214
10.6 Eukaryotic DNA Replication Is Similar to Replication in Prokaryotes,but Is More Complex 215
10.7 The Ends of Linear Chromosomes Are Problematic during Replication 217
10.8 DNA Recombination,Like DNA Replication,Is Directed by Specific Enzymes 219
GENETICS,TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY Telomeres:The Key to Immortality? 221
Case Study:At loose ends 222
Insights and Solutions 222
Problems and Discussion Questions 222
CHAPTER 11 Chromosome Structure and DNA Sequence Organization 224
11.1 Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes Are Relatively Simple DNA Molecules 225
11.2 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Contain DNA Similar to Bacteria and Viruses 226
11.3 Specialized Chromosomes Reveal Variations in the Organization of DNA 229
11.4 DNA Is Organized into Chromatin in Eukaryotes 231
11.5 Eukaryotic Genomes Demonstrate Complex Sequence Organization Characterized by Repetitive DNA 234
11.6 The Vast Majority of a Eukaryotic Genome Does Not Encode Functional Genes 236
EXPLORING GENOMICS 237
Database of Genomic Variants:Structural Variations in the Human Genome 237
Case Study:Art inspires learning 238
Insights and Solutions 238
Problems and Discussion Questions 238
CHAPTER 12 The Genetic Code and Transcription 240
12.1 The Genetic Code Exhibits a Number of Characteristics 241
12.2 Early Studies Established the Basic Operational Patterns of the Code 242
12.3 Studies by Nirenberg,Matthaei,and Others Deciphered the Code 242
12.4 The Coding Dictionary Reveals the Function of the 64 Triplets 246
12.5 The Genetic Code Has Been Confirmed in Studies of Bacteriophage MS2 248
12.6 The Genetic Code Is Nearly Universal 248
12.7 Different Initiation Points Create Overlapping Genes 249
12.8 Transcription Synthesizes RNA on a DNA Template 249
12.9 RNA Polymerase Directs RNA Synthesis 250
12.10 Transcription in Eukaryotes Differs from Prokaryotic Transcription in Several Ways 252
12.11 The Coding Regions of Eukaryotic Genes Are Interrupted by Intervening Sequences Called Introns 254
12.12 Transcription Has Been Visualized by Electron Microscopy 257
GENETICS,TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY 257
Nucleic Acid-Based Gene Silencing:Attacking the Messenger 257
Case Study:A drug that sometimes works 258
Insights and Solutions 258
Problems and Discussion Questions 259
CHAPTER 13 Translation and Proteins 261
13.1 Translation of mRNA Depends on Ribosomes and TransferRNAs 262
13.2 Translation of mRNA Can Be Divided into Three Steps 265
13.3 Crystallographic Analysis Has Revealed Many Details about the Functional Prokaryotic Ribosome 269
13.4 Translation Is More Complex in Eukaryotes 269
13.5 The Initial Insight that Proteins Are Important in Heredity Was Provided by the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism 270
13.6 Studies of Neurospora Led to the One-Gene:One-Enzyme Hypothesis 271
13.7 Studies of Human Hemoglobin Established that One Gene Encodes One Polypeptide 273
13.8 Variation in Protein Structure Is the Basis of Biological Diversity 276
13.9 Proteins Function in Many Diverse Roles 279
EXPLORING GENOMICS 280
Translation Tools and Swiss-Prot for Studying Protein Sequences 280
Case Study:Lost in translation 281
Insights and Solutions 281
Problems and Discussion Questions 282
CHAPTER 14 Gene Mutation,Transposition,and DNA Repair 284
14.1 Gene Mutations Are Classified in Various Ways 285
14.2 Spontaneous Mutations Arise from Replication Errors and Base Modifications 287
14.3 Induced Mutations Arise from DNA Damage Caused by Chemicals and Radiation 289
14.4 Organisms Use DNA Repair Systems to Counteract Mutations 292
14.5 The Ames Test Is Used to Assess the Mutagenicity of Compounds 296
14.6 DNA Sequencing Has Enhanced Our Understanding of Mutations in Humans 297
14.7 Geneticists Use Mutations to Identify Genes and Study Gene Function 298
14.8 Transposable Elements Move within the Genome and May Create Mutations 299
EXPLORING GENOMICS 303
Sequence Alignment to Identify a Mutation 303
Case Study:Genetic dwarfism 304
Insights and Solutions 305
Problems and Discussion Questions 305
CHAPTER 15 Regulation of Gene Expression 308
15.1 Prokaryotes Regulate Gene Expression in Response to Both External and Internal Conditions 309
15.2 Lactose Metabolism in E.coli Is Regulated by an Inducible System 309
15.3 The Catabolite-Activating Protein(CAP)Exerts Positive Contol over the lac Operon 314
15.4 TheTryptophan(trp)Operon in E.coli Is a Repressible Gene System 315
15.5 Attenuation Is a Regulatory Mechanism in Some Prokaryotic Operons 317
15.6 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Differs from That in Prokaryotes 317
15.7 Eukaryotic Gene Expression Is Influenced by Chromosome Organization and Chromatin Modifications 318
15.8 Eukaryotic Transcription Is Regulated at Specific Cis-Acting Sites 320
15.9 Eukaryotic Transcription Is Regulated by Transcription Factors that Bind to Cis-Acting Sites 323
15.10 Transcription Factors Bind to Cis-Acting sites and Interact with Basal Transcription Factors and Other Regulatory Proteins 324
15.11 Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation Occurs at All the Steps from RNA Processing to Protein Modification 325
15.12 RNA-induced Gene Silencing Controls Gene Expression in Several Ways 328
EXPLORING GENOMICS 330
Tissue-Specific Gene Expression 330
Case Study:A mysterious muscular dystrophy 330
Insights and Solutions 331
Problems and Discussion Questions 331
CHAPTER 16 Cancer and Regulation of the Cell Cycle 334
16.1 Cancer Is a Genetic Disease at the Level of Somatic Cells 335
16.2 Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Genomic Stability,DNA Repair,and Chromatin Modifications 337
16.3 Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Cell-Cycle Regulation 338
16.4 Proto-oncogenes and Tumor-suppressor Genes Are Altered in Cancer Cells 340
16.5 Cancer Cells Metastasize,Invading Other Tissues 343
16.6 Predisposition to Some Cancers Can Be Inherited 344
16.7 Viruses Contribute to Cancer in Both Humans and Animals 345
16.8 Environmental Agents Contribute to Human Cancers 346
GENETICS,TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY 347
Breast Cancer:The Double-Edged Sword of Genetic Testing 347
Case Study:I thought it was safe 348
Insights and Solutions 348
Problems and Discussion Questions 349
CHAPTER 17 Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Cloning 351
17.1 An Overview of Recombinant DNA Technology 352
17.2 Constructing Recombinant DNA Molecules Requires Several Steps 352
17.3 Cloning DNA in Host Cells 356
17.4 The Polymerase Chain Reaction Makes DNA Copies without Host Cells 357
17.5 Recombinant Libraries Are Collections of Cloned Sequences 359
17.6 Specific Clones Can Be Recovered from a Library 361
17.7 Cloned Sequences Can Be Analyzed in Several Ways 362
17.8 DNA Sequencing Is the Ultimate Way to Characterize a Clone 366
EXPLORING GENOMICS 369
Manipulating Recombinant DNA:Restriction Mapping and Designing a Recombinant DNA Experiment 369
Case Study:Should we worry about recombinant DNA technology? 370
Insights and Solutions 371
Problems and Discussion Questions 371
CHAPTER 18 Genomics,Bioinformatics,and Proteomics 375
18.1 Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing Is a Widely Used Method for Sequencing and Assembling Entire Genomes 376
18.2 DNA Sequence Analysis Relies on Bioinformatics Applications and Genome Databases 380
18.3 Functional Genomics Attempts to Identify Potential Functions of Genes and Other Elements in a Genome 383
18.4 The Human Genome Project Reveals Many Important Aspects of Genome Organization in Humans 384
18.5 The"Omics"Revolution Has Created a New Era of Biological Research Methods 386
18.6 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Genomes Display Common Structural and Functional Features and Important Differences 387
18.7 Comparative Genomics Analyzes and Compares Genomes from Different Organisms 390
18.8 Metagenomics Applies Genomics Techniques to Environmental Samples 394
18.9 Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Profiles of Expressed Genes in Cells and Tissues 396
18.10 Proteomics Identifies and Analyzes the Protein Composition of Cells 398
EXPLORING GENOMICS 403
Contigs and Shotgun Sequencing 403
Case Study:Bioprospecting in Darwin's wake 404
Insights and Solutions 404
Problems and Discussion Questions 405
CHAPTER 19 Appl ications and Ethics of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 407
19.1 Genetically Engineered Organisms Synthesize a Wide Range of Biological and Pharmaceutical Products 408
19.2 Genetic Engineering of Plants Has Revolutionized Agriculture 411
19.3 Transgenic Animals with Genetically Enhanced Characteristics Have the Potential to Serve Important Roles in Agriculture and Biotechnology 414
19.4 Genetic Engineering and Genomics Are Transforming Medical Diagnosis 415
19.5 Genetic Engineering and Genomics Promise New,More Targeted Medical Therapies 421
19.6 DNA Profiles Identify Individuals 424
19.7 Genetic Engineering,Genomics,and Biotechnology Create Ethical,Social,and Legal Questions 427
GENETICS,TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY 429
Personal Genome Projects and the Race for the$1000 Genome 429
Case Study:A first for gene therapy 430
Insights and Solutions 430
Problems and Discussion Questions 431
CHAPTER 20 Developmental Genetics 433
20.1 Evolutionary Conservation of Developmental Mechanisms Can Be Studied Using Model Organisms 434
20.2 Genetic Analysis of Embryonic Development in Drosophila Reveals How the Body Axis of Animals Is Specified 434
20.3 Zygotic Genes Program Segment Formation in Drosophila 437
20.4 Homeotic Selector Genes Specify Parts of the Adult Body 439
20.5 Plants Have Evolved Developmental Systems That Parallel Those of Animals 442
20.6 Cell-Cell Interactions in Development Are Modeled in C.elegans 444
20.7 Transcriptional Networks Control Gene Expression in Development 446
GENETICS,TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY 446
Stem Cell Wars 446
Case Study:One foot or another 447
Insights and Solutions 448
Problems and Discussion Questions 448
CHAPTER 21 Genetics and Behavior 450
21.1 Behavioral Differences between Genetic Strains Can Be Identified 451
21.2 The Behavior-First Approach Can Establish Genetic Strains with Behavioral Differences 453
21.3 The Gene-First Approach Uses Analysis of Mutant Alleles to Study Molecular Mechanisms That Underlie Behavior 455
21.4 Human Behavior Has Genetic Components 459
EXPLORING GENOMICS 462
HomoloGene:Searching for Behavioral Genes 462
Case Study:Primate models for human disorders 462
Insights and Solutions 463
Problems and Discussion Questions 463
CHAPTER 22 Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits 465
22.1 Not All Polygenic Traits Show Continuous Variation 466
22.2 Quantitative Traits Can Be Explained in Mendelian Terms 467
22.3 The Study of Polygenic Traits Relies on Statistical Analysis 469
22.4 Heritability Values Estimate the Genetic Contribution to Phenotypic Variability 471
22.5 Twin Studies Allow an Estimation of Heritability in Humans 475
22.6 Quantitative Trait Loci Can Be Mapped 476
GENETICS,TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY 477
The Green Revolution Revisited:Genetic Research with Rice 477
Case Study:A flip of the genetic coin 478
Insights and Solutions 478
Problems and Discussion Questions 480
CHAPTER 23 Population and Evolutionary Genetics 483
23.1 Genetic Variation Is Present in Most Populations and Species 484
23.2 The Hardy-Weinberg Law Describes Allele Frequencies and Genotype Frequencies in Populations 486
23.3 The Hardy-Weinberg Law Can Be Applied to Human Populations 488
23.4 Natural Selection Is a Major Force Driving Allele Frequency Change 491
23.5 Mutation Creates New Alleles in a Gene Pool 493
23.6 Migration and Gene Flow Can Alter Allele Frequencies 494
23.7 Genetic Drift Causes Random Changes in Allele Frequency in Small Populations 494
23.8 Nonrandom Mating Changes Genotype Frequency but Not Allele Frequency 496
23.9 Reduced Gene Flow,Selection,and Genetic Drift Can Lead to Speciation 497
23.10 Genetic Differences Can Be Used to Reconstruct Evolutionary History 499
EXPLORING GENOMICS 503
The Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database(YHRD) 503
Case Study:An unexpected outcome 504
Insights and Solutions 504
Problems and Discussion Questions 504
CHAPTER 24 Conservation Genetics 507
24.1 Genetic Diversity Is the Goal of Conservation Genetics 509
24.2 Population Size Has a Major Impact on Species Survival 511
24.3 Genetic Effects Are More Pronounced in Small,Isolated Populations 512
24.4 Genetic Erosion Threatens Species'Survival 515
24.5 Conservation of Genetic Diversity Is Essential to Species Survival 516
GENETICS,TECHNOLOGY,AND SOCIETY 519
Gene Pools and Endangered Species:The Plight of the Florida Panther 519
Case Study:The flip side of the green revolution 520
Insights and Solutions 520
Problems and Discussion Questions 521