Sounds of Speech 音素 1
Introduction概述 1
Ⅰ. Organs of Speech发音器官 1
Ⅰ. Sounds and Phonetic Symbols音素与音标 3
Vowels and Consonants元音与辅音 4
Ⅰ. Vowels元音 4
1.Classification of Vowels元音的分类 4
2.Description of Vowels音素的发音 6
1）Pure Vowels单元音 6
A. Front Vowels前元音 6
B. Central Vowels中元音 10
C. Back Vowels后元音 12
2）Diphthongs双元音 16
A. Closing Diphthongs合口双元音 16
B. Centring Diphthongs集中双元音 20
Ⅱ. Consonants辅音 23
1.Classification of Consonants辅音的分类 23
2.Description of Consonants音素的发音 24
1）Piosives爆破音 24
2）Nasals鼻音 27
3）Lateral舌侧音 28
4）Fricatives摩擦音 29
5）Affricates破擦音 35
Ⅲ. Sounds in Words and Connected Speech音素在词与句中的发音 37
1. Voweh Length元音的长度 37
2.Variants of Plosion特殊的爆破情况 39
3. Assimilation音的同化 45
4. Liaison连读 48
5. Strong and Weak Forms强式与弱式 51
Sentence Stress句子重音 58
Ⅰ. Form Words Exceptionally Stressed in Connected Speech一般没有句子重音的词在句中重读 58
1.Prepositions介词 58
2. Conjunct ions连接词 64
3. Auxiliary Verbs助动词 67
4.Modal Verbs情态动词 70
5.Verb to Be动词to be 73
6. Verb to Have动词to have 75
7.Pronouns代词 77
Ⅱ. Content Words Exceptionally Unstressed in Connected Speech实义词在句中失去重音 85
1. In Certain Collocations有些实义词在一定搭配中失去重音 85
2. As the Meaning Requires根据句意要求不重读 88
3.As Rhythm Requires由于节奏关系失去重音 92
Ⅲ. The Stress of compound Words复合词的重音 95
1.Compound Words with the Stress on the First Element复合词重音在第一个词上 96
2.Compound Words with Double Stress复合词有双重音 104
Ⅳ. Rhythm节奏 107
Intonation语调 109
Ⅰ. The Sense Group and the Tone Group意群与调群 109
1. The Nucleus调核 111
2. The Tail调尾 117
3. The Head调头 118
4. The Pre-head调帽 123
Ⅱ. Intonation and Meaning语调及其意义 125
1. The Falling Tone降调 125
2.The Rising Tone升调 125
3.The Falling-Rising Tone降升调 126
4.The Rising-Falling Tone升降调 126
Ⅲ. Common Tone Patterns常用的调型 126
1. Stat ement s陈述句 126
2. Questions疑问句 148
3.Commands and Requests祈使句 183
4.Interjections感叹句 189
5.Parentheses插入语 194
6. Vocatives呼语 198
7.Reporting Phrases传达语 202
8.Combination of Tone Groups调群组合 206
9.Basic Tone Patterns in American English美语基本语调 215
Questions and Answers语音问答 222
Drills语音语调练习 251