Chapter 1 Engine Thermodynamics and Performance Parameters 1
1.1 Ideal air standard cycles 1
1.1.1 The ideal air standard Otto cycle 2
1.1.2 The ideal air standard Diesel cycle 2
1.1.3 The ideal air standard Dual cycle 3
1.1.4 Cycle fuel conversion efficiency 3
1.1.5 Mean effective pressure 4
1.1.6 Comparison of three basic ideal cycles 4
1.2 Real cycles of four-stroke engine 6
1.2.1 Real cycle p-V diagram of four-stroke engine 6
1.2.2 Comparison with ideal cycles 8
1.3 Indicated engine performance parameters 10
1.4 Engine brake performance parameters 14
1.5 Engine mechanical efficiency and energy balance 17
1.5.1 Mechanical efficiency 17
1.5.2 Engine energy balance 18
Chapter 2 Engine Gas Exchange Processes 20
2.1 Inlet and exhaust process in four-stroke engine 20
2.1.1 Gas exchange process of four-stoke engine 20
2.1.2 Valve timing 22
2.2 Volumetric efficiency 24
2.3 Effect of operating conditions and design on volumetric efficiency 26
Chapter 3 Turbocharging 31
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Energy available in the exhaust 33
3.3 Principle and thermodynamics of exhaust turbochargers 36
3.3.1 Operation principle and characteristics of radial-flow turbine 37
3.3.2 Operation principle and characteristics of centrifugal compressor 40
3.4 Spark ignition engines turbocharging 43
Chapter 4 Fuels and Chemical Thermodynamics 46
4.1 Conventional fuels for internal combustion engine 46
4.1.1 Characteristics of petrol 46
4.1.2 Characteristics of diesel fuel 48
4.2 Alternative fuels 50
4.2.1 Liquid fuels 50
4.2.2 Gaseous fuels 53
4.3 Combustion chemistry 57
4.3.1 Heating value 57
4.3.2 Combustion equations 57
4.3.3 Theoretical air of complete combustion of the fuel 58
4.3.4 Combustion stoichiometry 59
Chapter 5 Combustion in Compression-ignition Engines 61
5.1 Fuel spay and atomization 62
5.1.1 Fuel injection system 62
5.1.2 Fuel spray and atomization 69
5.2 Combustion phenomenon in CI engines 73
5.2.1 Four phases of CI engine combustion 74
5.2.2 Delay period（or ignition lag）in CI engines 76
5.2.3 Detonation in the diesel engine（diesel knock） 77
5.3 C.I.engine combustion chamber 79
5.3.1 Direct injection（DI）chambers 79
5.3.2 Indirect injection（IDI）chambers 84
Chapter 6 Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines 89
6.1 Introduction to spark ignition engine 89
6.2 Combustion phenomenon 95
6.2.1 Normal combustion 95
6.2.2 Flame front propagation in engines 98
6.2.3 Cyclic variation in combustion 100
6.3 Abnormal combustion 102
6.3.1 Surface ignition 102
6.3.2 Knock（Detonation） 105
6.4 Combustion chamber in SI engines 109
6.4.1 Conventional combustion chambers 109
6.4.2 High compression ratio combustion chambers and fast burn combustion systems 113
6.4.3 Advanced combustion systems 117
6.4.4 Direct injection stratified charge engines 119
Chapter 7 Engine Operating Characteristics 122
7.1 Engine performance parameters 122
7.2 Engine load characteristics 123
7.2.1 Load characteristics of SI engines 123
7.2.2 Load characteristics of CI engines 125
7.2.3 Comparison of SI engine load characteristics with CI engine 126
7.3 Engine speed characteristics 127
7.3.1 Speed characteristics of SI engines 127
7.3.2 Speed characteristics of CI engines 129
7.3.3 Comparison of SI engine speed characteristics with CI engine 131
7.4 Diesel engine governing characteristics 131
7.5 Engine performance map（universal characteristics） 133
Chapter 8 Engine Emissions and Control 136
8.1 Nature and extent of engine emissions 136
8.2 Carbon monoxide（CO） 140
8.3 Hydrocarbon（HC） 142
8.3.1 HC emissions from SI engines 142
8.3.2 HC emissions mechanism in CI engines 147
8.4 Nitrogen oxides（NOx） 151
8.4.1 Kinetics of NO formation 151
8.4.2 NO formation in SI engines 152
8.4.3 NOx formation in CI engines 153
8.4.4 Formation of NO2 156
8.5 Particulate emissions 157
8.5.1 Spark-ignition engine particulates 157
8.5.2 Diesel particulates 158
8.6 Emission control 162
8.6.1 Available options 162
8.6.2 Exhaust gas recirculation 163
8.6.3 Catalytic converters 164
8.6.4 Thermal reactors 169
8.6.5 Particulate traps 170
References 172