Chapter 0ne Introduction 1
1.1 What is Chinese Variety of English? 3
1.2 Research objectives 7
1.3 Data and methodology 8
1.4 Organization of the book 9
Chapter Two Literature Review 11
2.1 Studies on language variation 11
2.1.1 Regional variation 12
2.1.2 Social variation 13
2.1.2.1 Labovian approach 14
2.1.2.2 Post-Labovian approaches 15
2.1.3 Stylistic variation 17
2.2 Studies on World Englishes 18
2.2.1 Classification of World Englishes 19
2.2.1.1 ENL,ESL and EFL territories 19
2.2.1.2 Use-related and user-related varieties 20
2.2.1.3 Strevens'map-and-branch model 22
2.2.1.4 McArthur's“wheel model” 23
2.2.1.5 Kachru's three concentric circles of English 24
2.2.1.6 Modifications to Kachru's model 26
2.2.2 Diverse research perspectives 30
2.2.2.1 Different views of English varieties 31
2.2.2.2 The sociolinguistic approaches 33
2.2.2.3 Applied linguistic approach 38
2.2.2.4 Other minor approaches 41
2.3 Studies on CVE 43
2.3.1 Theoretical discussions 43
2.3.1.1 Conservative voice 44
2.3.1.2 Positive voice 45
2.3.2 Practical studies 47
2.3.2.1 Translation 47
2.3.2.2 English language education 48
2.3.2.3 Cross-cultural communication 48
2.4 Summary 49
Chapter Three A Functional Analysis 52
3.1 Theoretical foundations for a functional analysis of CVE 52
3.1.1 Theories of language functions 52
3.1.1.1 Halliday's metafunctions 53
3.1.1.2 The Holmes's model 55
3.1.1.3 Kirkpatrick's model of functions of English varieties 56
3.1.1.4 Contributions to the proposed model 58
3.1.2 Theories of context 59
3.1.2.1 Malinowski's view of context 59
3.1.2.2 Firth's context of situation 60
3.1.2.3 Halliday's view of context 61
3.1.2.4 Contextual approaches to World Englishes 63
3.1.2.5 Contributions to the present study 65
3.1.3 Theories of language variation and change 65
3.1.3.1 Labov's mechanism of language change 65
3.1.3.2 The cline of bilingualism 67
3.2 A proposed framework for CVE 69
3.2.1 A diagram of CVE development 70
3.2.2 A functional framework of CVE 73
3.2.3 Illustration of the framework employed in analysis of CVE 76
3.3 Summary 78
Chapter Four The Marking Functions of CVE 79
4.1 CVE as a marker of Chinese language 79
4.1.1 Lexical aspects of marking 80
4.1.1.1 Phonetic form 81
4.1.1.2 Semantic form 84
4.1.1.3 Semantic modification 88
4.1.2 Syntactic aspects of marking 92
4.1.2.1 Noun phrase structure 93
4.1.2.2 Verb phrase structure 94
4.1.2.3 Sentence structure variation 97
4.1.2.4 Other syntactic variations 100
4.2 CVE as a marker of Chinese culture 102
4.2.1 Reflecting the Chinese cultural thought patterns 103
4.2.1.1 Holistic thinking 104
4.2.1.2 Dialectic thinking 108
4.2.1.3 Intuitive thinking 113
4.2.1.4 Imagery thinking 116
4.2.2 Reflecting the national personality 121
4.2.2.1 Collectivism 122
4.2.2.2 Modesty 127
4.2.2.3 Indirectness(a reserved nature) 130
4.2.2.4 Saving-face 133
4.2.3 Reflecting Chinese customs 139
4.2.3.1 Traditional festival customs 140
4.2.3.2 Marriage customs 145
4.2.3.3 Worship customs 148
4.3 CVE as a marker of social change in China 153
4.3.1 Introduction 153
4.3.2 First period(1911—1948)(post 1911 Revolution) 156
4.3.2.1 English language education 157
4.3.2.2 Chinese Pidgin English(CPE) 160
4.3.2.3 Nativization in Chinese bilingual writers'works 161
4.3.3 Second period(1949—1976)(post foundation of PRC) 167
4.3.3.1 English language education 168
4.3.3.2 Politicalized expressions 169
4.3.4 Third period(1977 onwards)(post Opening-up policy) 177
4.3.4.1 English language education 177
4.3.4.2 Catchwords in the CVE lexicon 178
4.3.4.3 Shift of semantic connotations 180
4.4 Summary 181
Chapter Five The Facilitating Functions of CVE 182
5.1 CVE and Chinese reference 183
5.1.1 Introduction 183
5.1.2 In China's English media 184
5.1.2.1 Related to daily life 186
5.1.2.2 In the economic-political domain 188
5.1.3 In Chinese English literature 192
5.1.3.1 Figures of speech 194
5.1.3.2 Personal names 197
5.2 CVE and expression of emotion 199
5.2.1 Introduction 199
5.2.2 Making fun 201
5.2.3 Euphemistical usage 206
5.2.4 Impressing with exoticism 209
5.2.5 Expressing good wishes 214
5.2.6 Expressing hatred 216
5.3 CVE and identity construction 221
5.3.1 Introduction 222
5.3.2 National identity 223
5.3.3 Social identity 228
5.3.3.1 Power relationship 230
5.3.3.2 Solidarity relationship 235
5.4 Summary 238
Chapter Six Conclusion 239
6.1 Summary 239
6.2 Implications 241
6.3 Limitations and further research directions 243
Appendix:Data sources 245
Bibliography 247