Introduction 1 1
The production of speech sounds 8 2
1 Articulators above the larynx 2
2 Vowel and consonant 2
3 English short vowels 2
Long vowels,diphthongs and triphthongs 19 3
1 Long and short vowels 3
2 Diphthongs 3
3 Triphthongs 3
Voicing and consonants 27 4
1 The larynx 4
2 Respiration and voicing 4
3 Plosives 4
4 English plosives 4
5 Fortis and lenis 4
The phoneme 38 5
1 The phoneme 5
2 Symbols and transcription 5
3 Phonology 5
Fricatives and affricates 48 6
1 Production of fricatives and affricates 6
2 The fricatives of English 6
3 The afiricates 6
4 Fortis consonants 6
Nasals and other consonants 58 7
1 Nasals 7
2 The consonant l 7
3 The consonant r 7
4 The consonants j and w 7
The syllable 70 8
1 The nature of the syllable 8
2 The structure of the English syllable 8
3 Syllable division 8
4 Practical conclusions 8
Strong and weak syllables 81 9
1 Strong and weak 9
2 The ？ vowel ("schwa") 9
3 Close front and close back vowels 9
4 Syllabic consonants 9
Stress in simple words 93 10
1 The nature of stress 10
2 Levels of stress 10
3 Placement of stress within the word 10
Complex word stress 104 11
1 Complex words 11
2 Suffixes 11
3 Prefixes 11
4 Compound words 11
5 Variable stress 11
6 Word-class pairs 11
Weakforms 112 12
Problems in phonemic analysis 121 13
1 Affricates 13
2 The English vowel system 13
3 Syllabic consonants 13
4 Clusters of s plus plosives 13
5 Schwa(？) 13
6 Distinctive features 13
7 Conclusion 13
Aspects of connected speech 134 14
1 Rhythm 14
2 Assimilation 14
3 Elision 14
4 Linking 14
Intonation 1 156 15
1 Form and function in intonation 15
2 Tone and tone languages 15
3 Complex tones and pitch height 15
4 Some functions of English tones 15
Intonation 2 162 16
1 The tone-unit 16
2 The structure of the tone-unit 16
3 Pitch possibilities in the simple tone-unit 16
Intonation 3 171 17
1 Fall-rise and rise-fall tones followed by a tail 17
2 High and low heads 17
3 Problems in analysing the form of intonation 17
4 Autosegmental treatment of intonation 17
Functions of intonation 1 183 18
1 The attitudinal function of intonation 18
Functions of intonation 2 193 19
1 The accentual function of intonation 19
2 The grammatical function of intonation 19
3 The discourse function of intonation 19
4 Conclusions 19
Further areas of study in phonetics and phonology 204 20
1 Laboratory phonetics 20
2 The study of variety 20