IP路由技术原理 英文版PDF电子书下载

Part Ⅰ Internetworking Fundamentals 　 1

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Internetworking 　 3

The OSI Reference Model 　 4

The Seven Layers 　 5

ContentsIntroduction 15

Misperceptions About the OSI Reference Model 15

Logical Adj acency 　 17

The Mechanics of Logical Adj acency 　 18

Receiving the Bit Stream 　 23

The Need to Route 　 29

Routers 　 30

Summary 　 34

The Internet’s Address Architecture 　 35

Chapter 2 Understanding Internetwork Addresses 　 35

Advertising Network Addresses 　 37

IP Addressing 　 40

Binary Versus Decimal Numbers 　 41

IPv4 Address Formats 　 43

The Emergence of Subnetworks 　 51

Subnetting 　 52

VLSM 　 58

Classless Interdomain Routing 　 61

Classless Addressing 　 62

Enhanced Route Aggregation 　 62

Supernetting 　 63

How CIDR Works 　 64

Summary 　 65

LAN Domains 　 67

Chapter 3 Routers and LANs 　 67

The Media Access Domain 　 68

The MAC Broadcast Domain 　 73

LAN Segmentation 　 77

Segmenting with Bridges 　 78

Segmenting with Switches 　 85

Segmenting with Routers 　 89

The Differences Between Bridges，Switches，and Routers 　 92

LAN Backbones　 93

Collapsed Backbones 　 94

Parallel Backbones　 96

WAN Gateway 　 97

IP Network Domains 　 98

Summary 　 101

A Closer Look at Routers 　 103

Chapter 4 Routers and WANs 　 103

Physical Components 　 104

Router Functions 　 106

Roles of the Router in WANs 　 113

Internetworking Scenarios　 117

WAN Performance Criteria 　 121

Component Uptime 　 122

Traffic Volumes 　 123

Delay　 124

Resource Utilization Rates 　 125

Costs of the WAN 　 128

Summary 　 130

Part Ⅱ The Inner Workings of Routers 　 131

Chapter 5 Internet Protocols Versions 　 133

The Network Layer 　 134

The Transport Layer 　 135

Internet Protocol，Version 4（IPv4）　 136

Dissecting TCP/IP 　 138

Internet Protocol，Version 6（IPv6）　 151

IPv6 Unicast Address Structures 　 153

IPv6 Transitional Unicast Address Structures 156

IPv6 Anycast Address Structures 　 157

IPv6 Multicast Address Structures 　 158

Summary 　 158

Chapter 6 Transmission Technologies 　 159

LAN Technologies 　 159

Ethernet 　 160

Token Ring 　 166

FDDI 　 167

ATM 　 173

WAN Technologies 　 174

Leased Lines 　 175

Circuit-Switched Facilities 　 175

Packet-Switched Facilities 　 178

Cell-Switched Facilities 　 183

Carrier System Standards 　 185

ANSI’s Digital Signal Hierarchy 　 185

ITU’s Digital Signal Hierarchy 　 187

SONET’s Carrier Systems　 189

The T-Carrier System 　 191

Summary 　 193

Chapter 7 The Mechanics of Routing Protocols 　 195

Routing　 195

Static Routing 　 197

Distance-Vector Routing 　 202

Link-State Routing 　 206

Hybridized Routing 　 209

Performance Characteristics of Hybridized Routing 　 210

Convergence 211

Accommodating Topological Changes 212

Convergence Time 219

Route Calculation 221

Storing Multiple Routes 222

Initiating Updates 223

Routing Metrics 224

Summary 225

Part Ⅲ Routing Protocols 227

Chapter 8 Routing Information Protocol 　 229

The Origins of RIP 　 230

Xerox’s RIP　 231

routed 　 232

RFC 1058 　 233

RFC 1058 Specifications 　 234

RIP Packet Format 　 234

The RIP Routing Table 　 239

Operational Mechanics 　 242

Calculating Distance Vectors 　 245

Updating the Routing Table 　 250

Addressing Considerations 　 255

Topology Changes 　 259

Convergence 　 259

Counting to Infinity 　 263

Hop Count Limit 　 272

Limitations of RIP 　 272

Fixed Metrics 　 273

Network Intensity of Table Updates 　 273

Slow Convergence 　 273

Lack of Load Balancing　 274

Summary 　 275

Chapter 9 Routing Information Protocol Version 2　 277

The Need to Update RIP 　 277

RIP-2：RFC 1723 　 279

RFC 1 723 Specifications　 280

RIP-2 Message Format 　 280

Using RIP-2 Messages 　 284

RIP-2's New Features　 286

Authentication 　 287

Subnet Masks 　 291

Next Hop Identification　 291

Multicasting 　 295

Limitations of RIP-2　 296

Summary 　 298

Chapter 10 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 　 299

The Origins of IGRP 　 299

Needed Capabilities 　 301

Cisco’s Solution 　 302

An Overview of IGRP 　 302

Metrics 　 304

Using the Metrics 　 310

IGRP’s Mechanisms 　 314

Timing Mechanisms 　 314

Convergence Mechanisms　 316

Operational Mechanics 　 320

Topological Changes 　 324

Multipath Routing 　 327

Equal-Cost Load Balancing　 327

Unequal-Cost Load Balancing 　 331

Summary 　 337

Chapter 11 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 339

EIGRP Background　 340

Backward Compatibility with IGRP 　 341

EIGRP’s Improvements 　 343

New Features Found in EIGRP 　 344

Neighbor Discovery and Recovery 　 345

Reliable Transport Protocol 　 346

The Distributed Update Algorithm 　 347

Protocol-Specific Modules 　 348

EIGRP Data Structures 　 349

EIGRP Tables 　 349

EIGRP Packet Types　 355

Convergence Using EIGRP 　 360

Summary 　 364

Chapter 12 Open Shortest Path First 　 367

The Origins of OSPF 　 368

RFC 2328 OSPF Version 2 　 369

OSPF Areas 　 370

Routing Updates 　 376

OSPF Data Structures 　 379

The Hello Packet 　 382

The Database Description Packet 　 383

The Link-State Request Packet 　 384

The Link-State Update Packet 　 385

The Link-State Acknowledgment Packet 　 391

Calculating Routes 　 392

Using Autocalculation 　 392

Using Default Route Costs 　 393

The Shortest-Path Tree 　 396

Summary 　 400

Part Ⅳ Implementation Issues 　 401

Chapter 13 Building Internetworks 　 403

A Blueprint for Success 　 403

Scale 　 404

Distances　 404

Traffic Volumes　 405

Performance Delays 　 407

Costs ofthe WAN 　 408

Topologies for Simple Internetworks 　 410

Peer-to-Peer Topology 　 410

Ring Topology 　 412

Star Network Topology　 414

Partial Mesh Topology 　 417

Topologies for Large Internetworks 　 419

Full Mesh 　 419

Two-Tiered Topology　 421

Three-Tiered Topology　 423

Hybrid Topologies 　 424

Before　You Build the WAN 　 425

Determining Backbone Loads 　 426

Placing Gateways 　 428

Selecting Transmission Technologies 　 429

Selecting Routing Protocols 　 430

After You Build the WAN 　 431

Component Uptime 　 432

Traffic Volumes 　 433

Resource Utilization　 434

Summary 　 437

Chapter 14 Internetworking with Dissimilar Protocols 　 439

Dissimilar Architectures 　 440

Dissimilar Routed Protocols　 441

Redundant Routed Protocols 　 441

Gateways 　 444

Tunnels 　 445

Dissimilar Routing Protocols　 447

Integrated Routing Protocols　 448

Redundant Routing Protocols 　 450

Redistributing Routing Information　 452

The Mechanics of Route Redistribution 　 457

Summary 　 461

Chapter 15 The Future of Routing 463

Computer-Based Routers 464

Today’s Products 466

The New Uses of Computer-Based Routing 466

Multilayer Switches 468

Benefits and Uses of Multilayer Switches 469

Next-Generation Routing 471

The Effects of IPv6 472

IPSec 473

Isochronous Services 479

Summary 483

Index 485