现代通信最新技术 第2版英文版PDF电子书下载

ContentsPreface ⅹⅸCHAPTER 1 Introduction 1

Introduction 1

The Need for Enhanced Services 1

The Past　 1

The Future Has Become the Present　 3

Goals of the EmergingCommunications Technologies　 4

LAN Interconnectivity 5

A Brief Summary　 5

Neec for Greater Communications Capacity 5

Alternatives to the Overhead of IPv 6

LAN and WAN Internetworking 9

Costs of Connecting Dispersed LANs 11

The Virtual Private Network(VPN) 11

Proposed Solutions 14

The Confusion Factor 16

Fast Relay Systems　 17

Trends in Technology　 19

Hardware and Software 　 19

New Technologies:To Use Them or Notto Use Them? 22

Broadband Networks　 24

Broadband Signaling Hierarchies 24

New Technologies:Competitive or Complementary? 27

Applications Supported by the New Technologies 27

Performance and Distance Considerations 29

Obtaining Services for the Networks:Bandwidth on Demand　 31

Where Services are Provided　 32

Layered Architectures of the Emerging Technologies 34

Summary 35

CHAPTER 2 Foundations for the Emerging Technologies 36

Introduction 36

Virtual Circuits　 37

A Brief Digression 38

Pemmanent Virtual Circuit(PVC) 39

Semi-permanent Virtual Circuits(SPVC)　 40

Switched Virtual Circuit(SVC)or Connectionon Demand　 40

Connection-oriented and Connectionless Systems 41

Connection-orientated Systems　 41

Connectionless Systems　 41

The Pros and Cons　 41

The Coexistence of Connection-oriented Systemsand Connectionless Systems　 42

CBR Applications　 43

VBR Applications　 43

Variable Bit Rate(VBR)and Constant Bit Rate(CBR)Applications　 43

Flow Control and Congestion Management　 45

Explicit Flow Control　 45

Implicit Flow Control　 45

No Flow Control 　 45

User Payload Integrity Management　 46

Layered Protocols and Protocol Data Units　 47

Addressing and Identification Schemes　 49

Multiplexing Methodologies 50

Switching,Routing,and Relaying 　 50

Fixed and Adaptive Routing 51

Source and Non-source Routing 51

Network Interfaces　 51

Convergence,Segmentation,and Reassembly Operations　 53

Summary 54

CHAPTER 3 Emerged Technologies 55

Introduction 55

T1/E1 CARRIER Systems　 56

The Purpose of T1 and E1　 56

Typical Topology　 57

T1 and E1 Layers　 58

T1/E1 PDUs 59

Conclusions on T1/E1　 60

X.25 61

The Purpose of X.25　 61

Typical Topology　 61

X.25 Layers 62

X.25 PDUs　 63

Other Noteworthy Aspects of X.25 64

Conclusions on X.25 65

The Purpose of ISDN　 66

ISDN 66

Typical Topology　 67

lSDN Layers 70

ISDN PDUs　 71

Conclusions on ISDN　 74

Signaling System Number 7(SS7)　 75

The Purpose of SS7 75

Typical Topology　 75

SS7 Layers　 77

SS7 PDUs　 80

Conclusions on SS7　 81

FDDI　 81

The Purpose of FDDI　 81

Typical Topology　 82

The FDDI Layers 83

FDDI PDUs　 84

Other Notable Aspects of FDDI　 85

Summary　 86

Conclusion on FDDI　 86

CHAPTER 4 Frame Relay　 87

Introduction 87

The Purpose of Frame Relay　 87

Pertinent Standards 　 88

Typical Frame Relay Topology　 89

The Frame Relay Layers　 91

Frame Relay and Its Relationshipto ISDN Layers　 92

OSI and ANSI Layers　 94

The Frame Relay Core Functions 95

The Frame Relay Protocol Data Unit(PDU) 95

Frame Relay Operations in More Detail 95

The Data Link Connection Identifier(DLCI) 96

Frame Relay Link Layer Error Checking 98

Potential Congestion Problems　 99

Traffic Management 100

Consolidated Link Layer Management(CLLM) 103

The Discard Eligibility Bit 104

Committed Information Rate 105

Leaking CIR and Fast Forward CIR 110

Classes of Service Using Bcand Be 　 111

DLCIs in More Detail 　 112

The Frame Relay Network-to-NetworkInterface (NNI) 114

NNI Operations 114

Bellcore Exchange Access FR(XA-FR)PVC Service 116

DLCI Values 120

Added Options to Frame Relay 120

Other Notable Aspects of Frame Relay 120

The Local Management Interface(LMI) 122

Frame Relay SVC Operations 122

Other Quality of Service(QOS)Options 123

Internetworking Frame Relay and ATM 124

Multiprotocol Operations over Frame Relay 125

The Frame Relay MIB 128

Frame Relay Worksheet 129

Summary 　 131

Introduction 132

Generations of LANs 132

CHAPTER 5 Fast and Switched Ethernet 132

First Generation 　 133

Second Generation 　 134

Third Generation 134

Fourth Generation 135

Switched Ethernet 135

Switched Ethernet Architecture 135

Store and Forward and Cut-through Switches 137

Virtual LANs 139

Fast Ethemet 　 139

100BASET 141

AnyLAN　 141

Fast/Switched Ethernet Worksheet 142

Summary 143

Introduction 144

The Purpose of a MAN 144

CHAPTER 6 Metropolitan Area Networks(MANs)and SwitchedMultimegabit Data Service(SMDS) 144

Pertinent Standards 145

A Typical MAN Topology　 145

Topology Reconfiguration with Self-HealingNetworks 147

The MAN Layers 148

MAN Protocol Data Units(PDUs) 148

MAN Operations in More Detail 149

The Access Unit(AU) 149

Overview of the DQDB Protocol 151

DQDB Counters 152

Location Discovery　 154

Segmentation and Encapsulation Operations 155

Other Notable Aspects of the MAN 164

The Purpose of SMDS 166

Introduction to SMDS 166

MANSummary　 166

Pertinent Standards 167

A Typical SMDS Topology 168

SMDS Layers 170

SMDS Protocol Data Units 171

SMDS Operations in More Detail 171

Defining and Measuring Congestion 171

The Sustained Information Rate(SIR)and Access Classes 174

SIP Segmentation and Encapsu lation Functions 177

SNI Quality of Service(QOS)Operations 178

The Interchange Carrier Interface(ICI) 179

Quality of Service(QOS)Objectives 180

SMDS Address Management Operations 180

Other Notable Aspects of SMDS 180

The ISSI 181

The Operations System/Network Element(OS/NE)Interface (Operations Technology) 182

The SMDS MIB　 184

MAN/SMDS Worksheet 186

SMDS Summary 187

CHAPTER 7 Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM) 188

Introduction 188

The Purpose of ATM 188

Pertinent Standards 189

An ATM Topology 189

The VPI and VCI Labels 192

ATM Layers 193

ATM and the B-ISDN Model 196

ATM Protocol Data Units(Cells) 198

ATM Operations in More Detail 199

Physical Layer Interfaces 199

ATM over Copper　 201

Rationale for the Cell Size 202

Network Transparency Operations 202

ATM Labels 209

Multiplexing VCIs and VPIs　 210

ATM Connections on Demand 211

ATM Switching 215

Classes of Traffic　 224

AAL Types 227

Traffic Management in an ATM Network 232

ATM Forum and ITU-T Traffic Controland Congestion Control　 238

The ATM B-ISDN Intercarrier Interface(B-ICI) 240

Physical Layer Requirements at the B-ICI 243

Traffic Management at the B-ICI 243

Reference Traffic Loads　 244

B-ICI Layer Management Operations 245

Other Notable Aspects of ATM 245

Addressing in an ATM Network 245

Network Management 247

The ATM MIB　 247

ATM Worksheet 249

Summary　 250

CHAPTER 8 Synchronous Optical Network(SONET)/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SDH) 251

Introduction　 251

Purpose of SONET/SDH 251

Synchronous Networks　 253

Typical SONET/SDH Topology　 255

Pertinent Standards　 255

SONET/SDH Layers 260

SONET/SDH in More Detail 262

Automatic Protection Switching(APS) 262

The SDH Multiplexing Structure　 263

Payloads and Envelopes　 264

Payload Pointers　 269

Examples of Payload Mapping　 270

Mapping and Multiplexing Operations 275

Error Checking,Diagnostics,and Restoration 277

The Control Headers and Fields 279

SONET/SDH Equipment 285

Other Notable Aspects of SONET/SDH 293

Operation Administration and Maintenance(OAM)Operations 293

Progress in SONET/SDH Penetration 295

SONET/SDH Worksheet 295

Summary 296

CHAPTER 9Mobile Communications Technologies 297

Introduction　 297

The Purpose of Mobile Communications Systems　 297

Typical Cellular Systems Topology　 298

Cellular System Types and Market Penetration　 300

Cellular Systems Operations in More Detail　 300

GSM　 302

GSM Interfaces　 304

Call Routing 307

Location Updating　 308

(TDMA) 309

CDMA:A New Arrival into the CommercialMobile,Wireless World 310

TDMA versus CDMA 311

Cordless Systems Operations in More Detail　 312

CT2 312

DECT 313

Other Standardization Efforts for PCS 314

The Auctions in the U．S．and the PCS Marketplace　 315

Candidates for PCS Technologies　 316

The Cellular Digital Data Packet SystemSpecification(CDPD)　 317

CDPD Services and Servers 319

Third-Generation Mobile Systems　 321

Some Concluding Thoughts　 321

Mobile Communications Systems Worksheet 322

Mobile Communications Summary 323

Introduction　 325

CHAPTER 10 Residential Broadband 325

The Problem with the Subscriber Loop　 326

The Proposed Solutions:Two Interlocking Approaches,Coding/Modulation and Wiring　 326

How Much Bandwidth Is Needed to Satisfythe Subscriber? 327

Downstream Bandwidth　 328

Upstream Bandwidth 328

Beyond the Coding/Modulation and Wiring:Service Provisions　 329

Switched Digital Video(SDV)　 330

Coding and Modulation 330

HDSL　 330

ADSL　 331

Hybrid/fiber Copper(HFCop) 　 332

Wiring at the Local Loop:Subscnber Loop Options 332

Hybrid/fiber Coax(HFC) 334

Fiber to the Curb(FTTC)and Fiber to theHome(FTTH)　 337

The Wireless Option　 337

Mananging the Broadband Signals　 339

Bellcore s TR-303 Specification　 340

Residential Broadband Worksheet　 340

Summary　 340

Introduction　 342

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)　 342

Appendix 10A:Coding and Modulation Techniquesfor Residential Broadband　 342

Examples of Modulation Schemes and Bit Rates 347

Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation(CAP) 347

CHAPTER 11 Broadband Signaling Networks 349

Introduction　 349

What Are Broadband Signaling Networks? 349

Differences between Broadband and ConventionalSignaling Systems　 350

N-ISDN and B-ISDN 351

Example of a Broadband Signaling Network Operation　 351

Examples of Services Providedby the Broadband Network　 354

ISO 9577　 355

The Broadband Signaling Protocols　 356

ATM Parameters　 356

How the Broadband Signaling Stacks Operate　 357

Broadband Signaling Worksheet 360

Summary　 360

CHAPTER 12 Advanced Intelligent Network 361

Introduction 361

Operator Services Systems(OSS)　 361

The 800 Service Inklings of an Advanced IntelligentNetwork(AIN) 362

Key Aspects of the AIN 364

The Intelligent Network and the Advanced IntelligentNetwork 364

Distribution of Functions 365

Evolution to the AIN 366

Other Parts of the AIN 367

Example of an AIN Operation 369

The AIN Basic Call Model　 370

Standardized Messages　 374

The Private Virtual Network 375

AIN Worksheet 377

Summary　 378

CHAPTER 13 Internet Protocol,Version 6(IPv6) 379

Introduction　 379

Functions of the Internet Protocol(IPv4) 379

The IP Address　 381

The Solution——an Expanded IP AddressSpace　 383

Problems with IP and the IP Address 383

Addresses　 384

The Next Generation IP——IPv6　 384

Functions of the IPv4 Header Fields 384

Functions of the IPv6 Header Fields 387

IPv6 andATM　 388

Fixed Routing and Virtual Circuits 388

Supporting Different Types of Traffic　 389

The IPv6-ATM Debate 389

IPv6 Worksheet　 390

Summary　 390

APPENDIX A A Tutorial on Communications Networks 393

Introduction　 393

Data Communications Networks　 393

Classifying Networks　 393

Wide Area and Local Area Networks　 394

Network Components　 395

Voice Networks　 398

Nonhierarchical Routing　 400

History of and Inherent Problems with Coexistenceof Analog and Digital Systems　 400

Analog-to-Digital Conversion　 401

Data Images over Voice Channels　 404

FDM,TDM,and STDM　 405

Circuit,Message,Packet,and Cell Switching　 409

Network Routing Operations　 411

The Challenge of Integrating Voice,Data,and Video Applications　 414

Fast Packet Switching(FPS)　 416

Hybrid Switching　 417

Introduction　 419

Protocols and the OSI Model　 419

APPENDIX B Layered Protocols,OSI,and TCP/IP　 419

OSI Layer Operations　 420

The Internet Protocols(TCP/IP)　 426

The Internet Layers　 428

IP Functions　 430

TCP Operations　 432

Introduction　 435

Purpose of a MIB　 435

APPENDIX C Management Information Bases(MIBs)　 435

Examples of MIB Objects and Other Entries　 436

APPENDIX D Emerging CommunicationsTechnologies Worksheet　 438

Abbreviations　 439

References　 445

Index　 449

GSM 900/DCS1800:Foundation for PCS 1900