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PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE 1

CONTENTS 1

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 2

Chapter Ⅰ．The Old English Period（449-1066） 2

Ⅰ．The Early History of England 2

Ⅱ．Early English Literature 5

ChapterⅡ．The Middle English Period（1066-1485） 10

Ⅰ．The Norman Conquest and Its Effects 10

Ⅱ．The All-Prevading Influence of the Medieval Church—Its Religious Hold on Secular Affairs 11

Ⅲ．Middle English Literature 12

1．The Romances 13

2．Piers the Plowman 13

3．Geoffrey Chaucer（c．1340-1400） 14

4．Popular Ballads 17

5．The Medieval Drama 18

The Canterbury Tales 20

Chapter Ⅰ．Renaissance 27

INTERODUCTORY REMARKS 27

Ⅰ．The Significance of Renaissance 27

Ⅰ．Humanism 28

Ⅲ．The Bourgeoisie 29

Ⅳ．The Main Traits of the Renaissance literature 29

Ⅴ．Renaissance in England 31

Ⅸ．Robert Herric（1591-1674）To the Virgins，to Make Much of Time 1 32

Ⅰ．The Oxford Reformers 33

Ⅱ．Thomas More（1478-1535） 33

Chapter Ⅱ．The Beginning of the English Renaissance（1485-1558） 33

Ⅲ．Two Poets of Importance Before the Elizabethan Age—Wyatt and Howard 34

Ⅰ．The Social Conditions of the Age 35

Chapter Ⅲ．The Elizabethan Age（1558-1603）（or The Age of Shakespeare） 35

Ⅱ．Elizabethan Poetry 37

2．Sir Philip Sidney（1554-1586） 37

1．John Lyly（1554-1606） 37

3．Edmund Spencer（1552-1599） 38

1．Two Influences upon the Drama 41

Ⅲ．Elizabethan Drama 41

2．The“University Wits”and Christopher Marlowe（1564-1592） 42

3．Ben Jonson（1562-1637） 43

Ⅳ．William Shakespeare（1564-1616） 44

Ⅴ．Elizabethan Prose and Francis Bacon（1561-1626） 57

Chapter Ⅳ．The Seventeenth Century（1603-1660） 61

Ⅰ．The Puritan Revolution 61

Ⅱ．Great Changes Brought About by the Revolution 62

Ⅲ．The Metaphysicals and the Cavaliers 64

Ⅳ．John Donne（1573-1631） 66

Ⅴ．John Milton（1608-1674） 68

Ⅵ．John Bunyan（1628-1668） 72

1．Sonnets 76

2．Songs from the Plays 80

3．The Tragedy of Julius Caesar 83

4．Hamlet 101

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 107

The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd 110

Ⅳ．Francis Bacon（1561-1626）Of Studies 113

1．A Valediction：Forbidding Mourning 117

2．Meditation ⅩⅦ 120

Ⅵ．Andrew Marvell（1621-1678）To His Coy Mistress 124

Ⅶ．Ben Jonson（1562-1637）To Celia 128

Ⅷ．Richard Lovelace（1618-1658） To Lucasca，Going to the Wars 130

1．Samson Agonistes 134

2．Paradise lost 139

Ⅺ．The Old Testment 142

Genesis 1-3（The Creation——The Fall） 142

PART THREE：THE RESTORATION AND 150

THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY（1660-1798）INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 150

Ⅰ．The 18th Century England 151

Chapter Ⅰ．Political，Social and Cultural Background 151

Ⅱ．Enlightenment and Its Effect Upon English Literature 155

ChapterⅡ．Neoclassicism 157

Ⅰ．Neoclassical Literary Theory 157

Ⅱ．The Restoration Literature（1660-1700）（or The Age of Dryden） 160

Ⅲ．The Augustan Age（1700-1745）（or The Age of Pope） 163

Ⅳ．The Neoclassical Decline（1745-1785）（or The Time of Johnson） 170

ChapterⅢ．The Rise of the Realistic Novel 177

Ⅰ．The Origin of Englissh Novel and Daniel Defoe（1660-1731） 177

Ⅱ．Samuel Richardson（1689-1761） 178

Ⅲ．Henry Fielding（1707-1754） 179

Ⅳ．Tobias Smollett（1721-1771）and Laurence Sterne（1713-1768） 180

SELECTED READINGS 184

Ⅰ．Alexander Pope（1688-1744）An Epistle to Dr．Arbuthnot 184

Ⅱ．Jonathan Swift（1667-1745）A Modest Proposal 188

Ⅲ．Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）Letter to Lord Chesterfield 203

Joseph Andrews 208

PART FOUR：THE AGE OF ROMANTICISM（1798-1830s） 216

INTERODUCTORY REMARKS 216

Chapter Ⅰ．Romanticism in England 216

Ⅰ．The Impetus of the Romantic Movement 216

Ⅱ．The Meaning of Romanticism 218

Ⅲ．The Special Qualities of Romanticism 220

Chapter Ⅱ．Pre-Romanticism 226

Ⅰ．Thomas Gray（1716-1771） 227

Ⅱ．Robert Burns（1759-1796） 228

Ⅲ．William Blake（1757-1827） 232

Chapter Ⅲ．The First Generation of Romantics 234

Ⅰ．William Wordsworth（1770-1850） 234

Ⅱ．Samuel Taylor Coleridge（1772-1834） 236

Ⅲ．Robert Southey（1774-1843） 238

ChapterⅣ．The Younger Generation of Romantics 240

Ⅰ．George Gordon Byron（1788-1824） 240

Ⅱ．Percy Bysshe Shelley（1792-1822） 244

Ⅲ．John Keats（1795-1821） 248

Ⅳ．A comparison Between Byron，Shelley and Keats 252

Chapter Ⅴ．Non-Poetic Literature of the Age 254

Ⅰ．The Familiar Essay 254

1．Charles Lamb（1775-1834） 255

2．William Hazlitt（1778-1830） 255

3．Thomas De Quincey（1785-1859） 256

4．Leigh Hunt（1784-1859） 256

Ⅱ．Drama 257

Ⅲ．Novel 257

1．Jane Austen（1775-1817） 258

2．Sir Walter Scott（1771-1832） 259

SELECTED READINGS 264

Ⅰ．Thomas Gray（1716-1771）Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 264

1．A Red，Red Rose 271

2．Auld Lang Syne 273

3．Scots Wha Hae 275

1．The Chimney Sweeper 279

2．The Chimney Sweeper 281

3．London 282

1．I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 285

2．The Solitary Reaper 287

3．London，1802 289

Ⅴ．Samuel Taylor Coleridge（1722-1834）Kubla Khan 291

1．She Walks in Beauty 295

2．When We Two Parted 297

1．Ode to the West Wind 299

2．Ozymandias 305

Ⅷ．John Keats（1795-1821）To Autumn 308

Pride and Prejudice 312

1．Rob Roy 321

2．Hunting Song 330

3．Lochinvar 332

Ⅺ．William Hazlitt（1778-1830）On Familiar Style 336

PART FIVE：THE VICTORIAN AGE（1832-1901）INTERODUCTORY REMARKS 348

Ⅰ．Development of Capitalist Industry and Its Repercussions 349

Chapter Ⅰ．A Survey of the Age 349

Ⅱ．Darwins’s Theory of Evolution and Its Influence 351

Ⅲ．The Women Question 352

Chapter Ⅲ．Literature of the Age 354

Ⅰ．The Diversity in Victorian Literature 354

Ⅱ．Chief Literary Characteristics of the Age 355

Chapter Ⅲ．Victorian Novel 358

Ⅰ．Charles Dickens（1812-1870） 359

Ⅱ．William Makepeace Thackeray（1811-1863） 363

Ⅲ．George E1iot（1819-1880） 365

Ⅳ．Charlotte Bront？（1816-1855）and Emily Bront？（1818-1848） 366

Ⅴ．Thomas Hardy（1840-1928） 369

Ⅵ．Other Novelists of the Age 371

1．Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell（1818-1865） 371

2．Anthony Trollope（1815-1882） 372

3．George Meridith（1828-1909） 372

4．George Gissing（1857-1903） 373

Chapter Ⅳ．Victorian Poetry 374

Ⅰ．Alfred Lord Tennyson（1809-1892） 374

Ⅱ．Robert Browning（1818-1889） 376

Ⅲ．Matthew Arnold（1822-1888） 378

Ⅳ．Pre-Raphaelite Poets 380

1．Dante Gabriel Rossetti（1828-1882） 381

2．William Morris（1834-1896） 381

3．Algernon Charles Swinburne（1837-1909） 382

Ⅴ．Gerard Manley Hopkins（1844-1889） 382

Chapter Ⅴ．Non-Fictional Prose 385

Ⅰ．Thomas Carlyle（1795-1881） 386

Ⅱ．John Ruskin（1819-1900） 387

Chapter Ⅵ．The Nineties 389

Ⅰ．The Aestheticism 390

Ⅱ．Oscar Wilde（1856-1900） 392

1．David Copperfield 394

2．A Tale of Two Cities 399

Ⅱ．William M．Thackeray（1811-1863）Vanity Fair 403

1．Ulysses 416

2．Crossing the Bar 420

1．My Last Duchess 423

2．Meeting at Night Parting at Morning 427

Dover Beach 429

1．Spring and Fall 432

2．The Windhover：To Christ Our Lord 433

1．Preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray 437

2．An Ideal Husband 439

PART SIX：THE TWENTIETH CENTURY（1901- ）INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 449

Ⅰ．Social and Political Background 450

Chapter Ⅰ．General Introduction 450

Ⅱ．Modernism 452

ChapterⅡ．Twentieth Century Poetry 454

Ⅰ．Thomas Hardy（1840-1928）and A．E．Housman（1859-1936） 455

Ⅱ．The Georgians and the First World War Poets 458

1．Technical Revolution in Poetry 460

Ⅲ．Two Most Outstanding Modernist Poets——Yeats and Eliot 460

2．William Butler Yeats（1885-1929） 461

3．T．S Eliot（1888-1965） 464

Ⅳ．W．H．Auden（1907-1973）and the Poets of the Thirties 467

Ⅴ．Dylan Thomas（1914-1953） 468

Ⅵ．The Postwar Poets 469

1．Philip Larkin（1922-1985）and other Movement Poets 470

2．Ted Hughes（1930- ） 471

3．The Group，Post-Movement，and University Wits 472

Chapter Ⅲ．Twentieth Century Fiction 474

Ⅰ．Realistic Novel at the Begining of the Century 474

1．John Galsworthy（1867-1933） 475

2．Arnold Bennett（1867-1931） 475

3．H．G．Wells（1866-1946） 476

1．Henry James（1843-1916） 477

Ⅱ．The Emergence of Modernism in Fiction 477

2．Joseph Conrad（1857-1924） 478

3．E．M．Forster（1879-1970） 480

Ⅲ．The Psychological Penetration of D．H．Lawrence（1885-1930） 481

1．Stream ofConsciousness 484

Ⅳ．Stream of Consciousness Fiction 484

2．James Joyce（1882-1941） 485

3．Virginia Woolf（1882-1941） 486

Ⅴ．Social Satires 488

1．Evelyn Waugh（1903-1966） 488

2．Aldous Huxley（1894-1963） 489

3．George Orwell（1903-1950） 490

Ⅵ．The Angry Young Men 491

Ⅶ．William Golding（1911- ） 493

Ⅷ．Graham Greene（1904-1991） 494

Ⅸ．Short Stories 496

1．Katherian Mansfield（1888-1923） 497

2．William Somerset Maugham（1872-1965） 497

Ⅹ．Women Writers 498

1．Iris Murdock（1919- ） 499

2．Muriel Spark（1918- ） 499

3．Doris Lessing（1919- ） 499

4．Elizabeth Bowen（1899-1973） 500

Chapter Ⅳ．Twentieth Century Drama 502

Ⅰ．George Bernard Shaw（1856-1950） 503

Ⅱ．The Irish Literary Theatre 504

Ⅲ．The Revival of Verse Drama 505

Ⅳ．Samuel Backett（1906-1989）and Theatre of the Absurd 506

Ⅴ．Dramatists of the Lower Classes——Osborne and Wesker 507

Ⅰ．The Moral Approach 509

Chapter Ⅴ．Twentieth Century Literary Criticism 509

Ⅱ．The Sociological Approach 510

Ⅲ．The Formalistic Approach 511

Ⅳ．The Psychological Approach 512

Ⅴ．The Archetypal Approach 513

1．Hap 515

2．Neutral Tones 516

3．The Darkening Thrush 518

4．The Man He Killed 521

5．A Plaint to Man 523

6．The Voice 525

7．In Time of“The Breaking of Nations” 527

1．Loveliest of Trees，the Cherry Now 530

2．To an Athlete Dying Young 531

Ⅲ．Wilfred Owen（1893-1918）Dulce et Decorum Est 534

1．The Lake Isle of Innisfree 537

2．When You Are old 538

3．The Second Coming 539

4．Sailing to Byzantium 542

Ⅴ．T．S．Eliot（1888-1965）The Love Song of J．Alfred Prufrock 546

1．Musee des Beaux Arts 557

2．The Unknown Citizen 559

Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 562

Ⅶ．Philip Larkin（1922-1985）Church Going 565

Ⅸ．Ted Hughes（1930- ） 569

1．Hawk Roosting 569

2．Theology 570

Ⅹ．Joseph Conrad（1857-1924）Preface to The Nigger ofthe“Narcissus” 572

Ⅺ．E．M．Forster（1879-1970）The Road from Colonus 581

Ⅻ．D．H．Lawrence（1885-1930）The Rocking-Horse Winner 598

ⅫⅠ．James Joyce（1882-1941）Araby 621

ⅩⅣ．Virginia Woolf（1882-1941）Modern Fiction 631

ⅩⅤ．George Orwell（1905-1950）Some Thoughts on the Common Toad 644

ⅩⅥ．Katherine Mansfield（1888-1923）The Garden-Party 651

ⅩⅦ．Somerset Maugham（1872-1965）The Ant and the Grasshopper 672

ⅩⅧ．Doris Lessing（1919- ）A Road to the Big City 679

ⅩⅨ．Bernard Shaw（1856-1950）Mrs．Warren's Profession 690

APPENDICES 707

Ⅰ．A Recommended Reading List of Novels 707

Ⅱ．Literary Terms 725

Ⅲ．A List of Important English Writers and Their Major Works 758

Geoffrey Chaucer（c．1340- 1400

SELECTED READINGS 1400

PART ONE：THE MIDDLE AGES（449- 1485

Ⅱ．Christopher Marlowe（1564- 1595

SELECTED READINGS 1616

Ⅰ．William Shakespeare（1564- 1616

Ⅲ．Sir Walter Raleigh（1552- 1618

Ⅴ．John Donne（1572- 1631

PART TWO：THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE（1485- 1660

Ⅹ．John Milton（1608- 1674

Ⅳ．Henry Fielding（1707- 1754

Ⅱ．Robert Burns（1759- 1796

Ⅸ．Jane Austen（1775- 1817

Ⅶ．Percy Bysshe Sheley（1792- 1822

Ⅵ．George Gordon Byron（1788- 1824

Ⅲ．William Blake（1757- 1827

Ⅹ．Sir Walter Scott（1771- 1832

Ⅳ．William Wordsworth（1770- 1850

SELECTED READINGS 1870

Ⅰ．Charles Dickens（1812- 1870

Ⅴ．Mathew Arnold（1822- 1888

Ⅳ．Robert Browning（1812- 1889

Ⅵ．Gerard Manley Hopkins（1844- 1889

Ⅲ．Alfred Tennyson（1809- 1892

Ⅶ．Oscar Wilde（1856- 1900

SELECTED READINGS 1928

Ⅰ．Thomas Hardy（1840- 1928

Ⅱ．A．E．Housman（1859- 1936

Ⅳ．William Butler Yeats（1856- 1939

Ⅶ．Dylan Thomas（1914- 1953

Ⅵ．W．H．Auden（1907- 1973