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CONTENTS 3

PART ONE THE SENTENCE 3

Ⅰ．Words,Phrases,Sentences 3

Classes of Words 3

The Sentence:the Sub iect and the Predicate 5

Phrases 6

Clauses 9

Amorphous Sentences 10

Ⅱ．Subject,Verb,Object 12

The Subject 12

What can be a Subject? 12

Omission of the Subiect 13

The Predicate Verb 14

Omission and Substitution of the Verb 15

Word-Order:Inversion 17

The Object:Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 20

What can be an Object? 21

Word-Order 23

The Direct and the Indirect Object 24

Ⅲ．Complements,Subjective and Objective 27

The Subjective Complement 27

Complements after Verbs Other than Be,etc 30

Word-Order 31

Omission and Substitution of the Complement 31

Unconnected Complements 32

The Objective Complement 33

Nominal and Adjectival Objective Complements 34

Infinitives 36

Verbal Objective Complements 36

Participles 37

After Prepositional Objects 38

Word-Order 39

Ⅳ．Passive 41

When to Use the Passive? 41

The Converted Subject and the Retained Object 43

Passive Group-Verbs 44

Complements 45

Ⅴ．Uses of the Sentence 48

Affirmation 48

Negation 49

Position of Not 51

No and Not 52

Emphatic Negation 54

Double Negation 55

Semi-Negatives 56

Interrogation 57

General Questions 57

Alternative Questions 59

Confirmative Questions 59

Special Questions 61

Who,Whom,Whose 62

What,Which 63

Where,When,How,Why 64

Interrogative Words with Prepositions 65

Interrogative Words Intensified 66

Exclamations 67

Commands,Requests,Suggestions 68

Ⅵ．Adiective Modifiers 72

Modifiers of Nouns 72

Appositives 75

Modifiers of Pronouns 77

Adjective Clauses 78

Restrictive and Non-Restrictive 78

Who,Whom,Whose,Which 79

Where,When,Why 81

That 82

As 84

No Relative Word 84

Position of the Preposition 85

Adverbials of Degree 88

Ⅶ．Adverbial Mod ifiers 88

Modifiers of Adjectives and Adverbs 88

Adverbials of Measure 91

Adverbials of Aspect and Direction 91

Modifiers of Verbs and Sentences 93

Adverbials of Time 94

Lists of Adverbials of Time 96

Adverbials of Duration 99

Adverbials of Frequency 100

Adverbials of Place and Movement 103

Adverbials of Distance 104

Adverbials of Manner 105

Adverbials of Comparison and Proportion 107

Adverbials of Cause and Reason 108

Adverbials of Purpose 110

Adverbials of Result 111

Adverbials of Condition and Supposition 112

Adverbials of Concession and Indifference 113

Adverbials of Degree and Measure 115

Adverbials of Judgement and Opinion 116

Modifiers of Phrases and Clauses 118

Ⅷ．Adverbial Modifiers(Clauses) 120

Clauses of Time 120

Clauses of Duration 121

Clauses of Frequency 122

Clauses of Distance 123

Clauses of Manner 123

Clauses of Place and Movement 123

Clauses of Comparison(Equality) 124

Clauses of Comparison(Superiority) 127

Clauses of Proportion 129

Clauses of Cause and Reason 130

Clauses of Purpose 131

Clauses of Result 131

Clauses of Condition and Supposition 132

Clauses of Concession 135

Clauses of Indifference 136

Ⅸ．Noun Clauses 139

Content Clauses 139

Interrogative Clauses 142

Relative Clauses 145

Co-ordination 148

Ⅹ．Sentence Structure:A Summing Up 148

Subordination 150

Simple,Compound and Complex Sentences 151

A Summary of the Parts of the Sentence 158

PART Two THE PARTS OF SPEECH 163

Ⅺ．Nouns 163

Classes 163

Names of Places 165

Nationality,etc 166

Singular and Plural 167

Countables and Uncountables 169

Collectives 170

The Genitive 171

Classes 173

Ⅻ．Pronouns 173

Personal Pronouns 174

The Possessive Forms 175

Reflexive and Reciprocal 176

The Generic Person:One 177

The Impersonal It 178

Demonstrative Pronouns:This and That 179

So 181

The Articles:A(An),The 182

Indefinite Pronouns 186

One 186

Some,Any 189

Ever,At All 191

All,Every,Each 193

No,None 198

Both,Either,Neither 199

The Same,Other,Such 200

Quantifiers and Numerals 204

Pronominal Quantifiers 204

Quantifying Nouns 209

Group 1:General 209

Group 2:Weights,Measures 210

Group 3:Containers 211

Group 4:Shape-Words 211

Group 5:Collectives 212

Cardinal Numbers 212

Ordinal Numbers 214

Adjectives Proper and Participial Adjectives 216

ⅩⅢ．Adjectives 216

Uses of Adiectives 218

Position of Adjectives 220

Comparison of Adjectives:Two Ways 221

ⅩⅣ．Verbs 226

A．General 226

Auxiliary and Defective Verbs 228

Group-Auxiliaries 233

Inflexion of the Verb 233

Five Fundamental Forms 234

Regular Conjugation 235

Irregular Conjugation 238

Subject-Verb Agreement 242

B．Tenses 243

Passive Tenses 244

Table of the 26 Tenses 245

Uses of the Tenses 246

The Present Tenses 246

The Past Tenses 251

The Future Tenses 255

The Past Future Tenses 260

Further Remarks on the Tenses 263

The Present Perfect and the Simple Past 263

Progressive Tenses 267

Future Time 270

The Habitual Present and the Habitual Past 273

Imaginative Use of Tenses 274

The Subjunctive Mood 281

Collocated with Auxiliaries and Other Verbs 283

C．Verbals 283

The Infinitive 283

Collocated with Verb+Object 285

Collocated with Passive Verbs 286

Introduced by Preparatory It and There 287

Collocated with Adjectives 288

Collocated with Nouns 290

Collocated with Relatives 290

Elliptical and Parenthetical 291

As Adverbial of Purpose,etc 291

As Subject and Subjective Complement 291

The Passive Infinitive 292

The Perfect Infinitive 293

The Infinitive Not Repeated 294

The Ing-form 296

The Verbal Noun 296

The Gerund 297

Gerund or Participle? 299

The Passive Gerund 301

The Perfect Gerund 301

The Participle 302

The Present Participle 302

The Past Participle 304

The Perfect Participle 305

ⅩⅤ．Adverbs 308

Formation of Adverbs 308

Preposition-like Adverbs 310

Position of Adverbs 312

Comparison of Adverbs 315

ⅩⅥ．Prepositions and Conjunctions 318

Prepositions 318

Some Prepositions 320

At 320

By 321

For 322

In,Into 322

Of 323

On,Upon 324

To 325

Position of the Preposition 326

Conjunctions 326