CONTENTS 3
PART ONE THE SENTENCE 3
Ⅰ．Words,Phrases,Sentences 3
Classes of Words 3
The Sentence:the Sub iect and the Predicate 5
Phrases 6
Clauses 9
Amorphous Sentences 10
Ⅱ．Subject,Verb,Object 12
The Subject 12
What can be a Subject? 12
Omission of the Subiect 13
The Predicate Verb 14
Omission and Substitution of the Verb 15
Word-Order:Inversion 17
The Object:Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 20
What can be an Object? 21
Word-Order 23
The Direct and the Indirect Object 24
Ⅲ．Complements,Subjective and Objective 27
The Subjective Complement 27
Complements after Verbs Other than Be,etc 30
Word-Order 31
Omission and Substitution of the Complement 31
Unconnected Complements 32
The Objective Complement 33
Nominal and Adjectival Objective Complements 34
Infinitives 36
Verbal Objective Complements 36
Participles 37
After Prepositional Objects 38
Word-Order 39
Ⅳ．Passive 41
When to Use the Passive? 41
The Converted Subject and the Retained Object 43
Passive Group-Verbs 44
Complements 45
Ⅴ．Uses of the Sentence 48
Affirmation 48
Negation 49
Position of Not 51
No and Not 52
Emphatic Negation 54
Double Negation 55
Semi-Negatives 56
Interrogation 57
General Questions 57
Alternative Questions 59
Confirmative Questions 59
Special Questions 61
Who,Whom,Whose 62
What,Which 63
Where,When,How,Why 64
Interrogative Words with Prepositions 65
Interrogative Words Intensified 66
Exclamations 67
Commands,Requests,Suggestions 68
Ⅵ．Adiective Modifiers 72
Modifiers of Nouns 72
Appositives 75
Modifiers of Pronouns 77
Adjective Clauses 78
Restrictive and Non-Restrictive 78
Who,Whom,Whose,Which 79
Where,When,Why 81
That 82
As 84
No Relative Word 84
Position of the Preposition 85
Adverbials of Degree 88
Ⅶ．Adverbial Mod ifiers 88
Modifiers of Adjectives and Adverbs 88
Adverbials of Measure 91
Adverbials of Aspect and Direction 91
Modifiers of Verbs and Sentences 93
Adverbials of Time 94
Lists of Adverbials of Time 96
Adverbials of Duration 99
Adverbials of Frequency 100
Adverbials of Place and Movement 103
Adverbials of Distance 104
Adverbials of Manner 105
Adverbials of Comparison and Proportion 107
Adverbials of Cause and Reason 108
Adverbials of Purpose 110
Adverbials of Result 111
Adverbials of Condition and Supposition 112
Adverbials of Concession and Indifference 113
Adverbials of Degree and Measure 115
Adverbials of Judgement and Opinion 116
Modifiers of Phrases and Clauses 118
Ⅷ．Adverbial Modifiers(Clauses) 120
Clauses of Time 120
Clauses of Duration 121
Clauses of Frequency 122
Clauses of Distance 123
Clauses of Manner 123
Clauses of Place and Movement 123
Clauses of Comparison(Equality) 124
Clauses of Comparison(Superiority) 127
Clauses of Proportion 129
Clauses of Cause and Reason 130
Clauses of Purpose 131
Clauses of Result 131
Clauses of Condition and Supposition 132
Clauses of Concession 135
Clauses of Indifference 136
Ⅸ．Noun Clauses 139
Content Clauses 139
Interrogative Clauses 142
Relative Clauses 145
Co-ordination 148
Ⅹ．Sentence Structure:A Summing Up 148
Subordination 150
Simple,Compound and Complex Sentences 151
A Summary of the Parts of the Sentence 158
PART Two THE PARTS OF SPEECH 163
Ⅺ．Nouns 163
Classes 163
Names of Places 165
Nationality,etc 166
Singular and Plural 167
Countables and Uncountables 169
Collectives 170
The Genitive 171
Classes 173
Ⅻ．Pronouns 173
Personal Pronouns 174
The Possessive Forms 175
Reflexive and Reciprocal 176
The Generic Person:One 177
The Impersonal It 178
Demonstrative Pronouns:This and That 179
So 181
The Articles:A(An),The 182
Indefinite Pronouns 186
One 186
Some,Any 189
Ever,At All 191
All,Every,Each 193
No,None 198
Both,Either,Neither 199
The Same,Other,Such 200
Quantifiers and Numerals 204
Pronominal Quantifiers 204
Quantifying Nouns 209
Group 1:General 209
Group 2:Weights,Measures 210
Group 3:Containers 211
Group 4:Shape-Words 211
Group 5:Collectives 212
Cardinal Numbers 212
Ordinal Numbers 214
Adjectives Proper and Participial Adjectives 216
ⅩⅢ．Adjectives 216
Uses of Adiectives 218
Position of Adjectives 220
Comparison of Adjectives:Two Ways 221
ⅩⅣ．Verbs 226
A．General 226
Auxiliary and Defective Verbs 228
Group-Auxiliaries 233
Inflexion of the Verb 233
Five Fundamental Forms 234
Regular Conjugation 235
Irregular Conjugation 238
Subject-Verb Agreement 242
B．Tenses 243
Passive Tenses 244
Table of the 26 Tenses 245
Uses of the Tenses 246
The Present Tenses 246
The Past Tenses 251
The Future Tenses 255
The Past Future Tenses 260
Further Remarks on the Tenses 263
The Present Perfect and the Simple Past 263
Progressive Tenses 267
Future Time 270
The Habitual Present and the Habitual Past 273
Imaginative Use of Tenses 274
The Subjunctive Mood 281
Collocated with Auxiliaries and Other Verbs 283
C．Verbals 283
The Infinitive 283
Collocated with Verb+Object 285
Collocated with Passive Verbs 286
Introduced by Preparatory It and There 287
Collocated with Adjectives 288
Collocated with Nouns 290
Collocated with Relatives 290
Elliptical and Parenthetical 291
As Adverbial of Purpose,etc 291
As Subject and Subjective Complement 291
The Passive Infinitive 292
The Perfect Infinitive 293
The Infinitive Not Repeated 294
The Ing-form 296
The Verbal Noun 296
The Gerund 297
Gerund or Participle? 299
The Passive Gerund 301
The Perfect Gerund 301
The Participle 302
The Present Participle 302
The Past Participle 304
The Perfect Participle 305
ⅩⅤ．Adverbs 308
Formation of Adverbs 308
Preposition-like Adverbs 310
Position of Adverbs 312
Comparison of Adverbs 315
ⅩⅥ．Prepositions and Conjunctions 318
Prepositions 318
Some Prepositions 320
At 320
By 321
For 322
In,Into 322
Of 323
On,Upon 324
To 325
Position of the Preposition 326
Conjunctions 326