中国的政府与政治 英文PDF电子书下载

Ⅰ．CHUNG-KUO 3

China's Neighbors 3

Regions of China 4

Land Utilization 4

Mineral Resources 5

Expansion of the Chinese 6

Other Races of China 8

Language 9

Demography 10

Occupational Struc-ture 11

Poverty 12

Education 12

Family System and Conserva-tism 14

Absence of Religion and the Chinese Affinity for Ac-culturation 15

Evolution of the Chinese State 16

Ⅱ．THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF OLD CHINA 20

Early Schools 20

The Confucian School 22

Tung Chung-shu:the Great Confucianist 24

Further Enrichment of Confucian-ism 26

Confucianism Stereotyped 26

Traditionalism under Attack 28

Ⅲ．THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF OLD CHINA 30

The Monarchy 30

Principal Officers of State 32

Central Ad-ministrative Departments 34

Civil Service 35

The Censors 38

Law 40

Local Administration 42

Public Services 45

Ⅳ．THE IMPACT OF THE WEST AND THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY 49

Imitation of Western Arms 50

Imitation of Western Institu-tions:the Reform Movement 51

The Revolutionary Movement 55

The Revolution of 1911, 57

The Chinese Republic 59

Ⅴ．THE TRIALS AND FAILURES OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC 61

Yuan Shih-k'ai and the Great Betrayal 61

Tuan Ch'i-jui and His Rivals 65

Lessons of the Peking Regime 69

Ⅵ．THE RISE OF THE KUOMINTANG TO SUPREME POWER 81

The T'ung Meng Hui 81

The Parliamentary Kuomintang 83

The Chinese Revolutionary Party 84

The Splinter Groups 85

Sun Yat-sen's Canton Regime 86

Sun Yat-sen's Reorganization of the Kuomintang 88

The Death of Sun Yat-sen and the Second Party Congress 91

The Northern Expedition and the Final Triumph 92

Ⅶ．CHIANGKAI-SHEK'S RISE TO POWER WITHIN THE KUOMINTANG 94

Political Rivalries 94

Military Rivalries 101

Ⅷ．THE KUOMINTANG:ITS DOCTRINE,ORGANIZATION,AND LEADERSHIP 109

Sun Yat-sen's Reorganized Ideas 111

Ideological Sterility after Sun's Death 115

Kuomintang Membership 117

Congresses and Executive Committees 119

The Party Leader 121

Demo-cratic Centralism 123

Party Administration 124

The Youth Corps 126

Segmentation within the Party 128

Ⅸ．THE KUOMINTANG TUTELAGE 133

The Principle of Tutelage 133

The Tutelage Constitution of 1931, 137

The Political Council 139

Planning and Planning Machinery 145

Party Interference in Government 147

Ⅹ．THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AND ITS PRESIDENT 150

The Organic Law 151

The Five-Yuan Government 152

Presi-dent and Council 156

The President 159

The Council 160

Staff Organization 162

Ⅺ．THE EXECUTIVE YUAN 164

The Position of the Executive Yuan 164

The President of the Executive Yuan 166

The Members of the Executive Yuan 167

The Powers of the Executive Yuan 169

The Executive Yuan Council 171

Staff Organization of the Executive Yuan 172

The Executive Yuan and the Other Yuan 173

The Executive Yuan's Control of the Provincial Governors 175

Ⅻ．THE MILITARY POWER 177

The Chinese Tradition of Civilian Government 177

Emergence of a Military Tradition 178

Militarism and the Revolutionists 179

Military Basis of the Kuomintang Regime 179

Military Organization:1925-1937, 181

Military Organization during the War:1937-1946, 185

Nationalization of the Armed Forces 188

Problems Created by the Supremacy of the Military 189

ⅩⅢ．LEGISLATION AND THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS 191

The Legislative Yuan in the Five-Power Government 191

The President of the Legislative Yuan 193

The Members of the Legislative Yuan 194

The Sittings of the Legislative Yuan 196

The Committees of the Legislative Yuan 197

The Powers of the Legislative Yuan 199

Legislative Procedure 200

ⅩⅣ．FINANCE AND THE BUDGET 205

History of the Budget System in China 205

The Budget Law of 1937, 206

The Budget-Making Power under the Law of 1937, 208

Budget-Making During the War Years 210

The Finances of China 212

Financial Administration 214

ⅩⅤ．ADMINISTRATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS 217

Central Departments of Administration 217

Administrative Organization 219

Independent Agencies and Advisory Bodies Attached to the Administrative Departments 223

The Role of the Departmental Head 225

Local Administration 226

Administrative Action 228

Administrative Reforms 229

ⅩⅥ．THE EXAMINATION YUAN AND THE CIVIL SERVICE 233

The Examination Power 233

The Examination Yuan 234

The Examinations 235

Post-Examination Training 238

The Ministry of Personnel and the Administration of the Civil Serv-ice 240

The Personnel Establishment 243

The Civil Service 243

ⅩⅦ．LAW AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 247

The Westernization of Chinese Law 247

The Judicial Yuan 249

The Organization of the Courts 253

Judicial Procedure 255

Administrative Adjudication 257

Disciplinary Adjudica-tion 259

The Bench and the Bar 260

ⅩⅧ．THE CONTROL POWER 262

The Nature of the Control Power 262

Organization of the Control Yuan 263

Inspections and Investigations 265

Impeach-ment 268

The Rectification Power 273

The Warning Power 273

Audit 274

ⅩⅨ．THE PEOPLE'S POLITICAL COUNCIL 278

The Question of a People's Assembly for the Period of Tutelage 278

Establishment and Evolution of the Council 280

The Membership of the Council 281

The Organization and Pro-cedure of the Council 285

The Powers of the Council 288

An Evaluation of the People's Political Council 293

ⅩⅩ．WARTIME DEMANDS FOR CONSTITUTIONALISM 296

Sun Yat-sen's Ideas of Transition from Tutelage to Constitu-tionalism 296

The Preparation of a Draft Constitution 298

The Draft Constitution of May 5,1936, 303

Wartime Demands for Constitutional Government 306

Wartime Demands for Free-dom 310

The Question of the National Assembly 313

ⅩⅪ．THE CONSTITUTION OF 1946 317

The Political Consultative Conference and Constitution-Making 317

The National Assembly of 1946, 320

The Constitution of December 25,1946, 324

Preparatory Work for the Enforcement of the Constitution 329

ⅩⅫ．THE NEW GOVERNMENT OF 1948 331

The First National Assembly 331

The President of the Republic 336

The Executive Yuan 341

The Legislative Yuan 342

The Control Yuan 344

An Appraisal of the New Government of 1948, 345

ⅩⅩⅢ．POLITICAL PARTIES 346

Parties at the End of the Manchu Dynasty 346

Political Parties in the First Years of the Republic 347

The Splinter Parties of 1916-1923, 349

Rise of the Contemporary Parties 350

The Chinese Youth Party 351

The Democratic Socialist Party 354

The Third Party 355

The National Salvation Association 356

The Vocational Education Group 357

The Rural Reconstruc-tion Group 358

The Democratic League 358

The Communist Party 363

The Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang 367

ⅩⅩⅣ．PARTY POLITICS AND STRUGGLES 369

The Suppression of Political Parties,1927-1937, 369

Parties During the War Years 371

Parties in the Political Consultative Conference 375

Kuomintang Policy Regarding Other Parties 381

Communist Policy on Political Parties 383

The Prospect of Political Parties 385

ⅩⅩⅤ．THE OUTLOOK FOR A GOVERNMENT FOR THE PEOPLE AND BY THE PEOPLE 387

NOTES 399

APPENDICES 429

A．Chronology,1912-1928 431

B.A List of Constitutions,Provisional Constitutions,and Constitutional Drafts,1908-1946 435

C．The Constitution of the Republic of China,October 10,1923 436

D．The Constitution of the Republic of China,December 25,1946 447

E．Sun Yat-Sen's Fundamentals of National Reconstruction,April 12,1924 462

F．The Statute of the Chung-Kuo Kuomintang as Revised by the Sixth National Congress,May 16,1945 465

G．National Congresses and Plenary Sessions of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang 473

H．Evolution of the Political Council 475

I．Organic Law of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China Passed by the First Session of the Chinese People's Consultative Conference on September 27,1949 477

BIBLIOGRAPHY A．Books in Western Languages 483

BIBLIOGRAPHY B．Books in Chinese 499

TRANSLITERATIONS OF CHINESE WORDS 511

INDEX 515