Ⅰ．CHUNG-KUO 3
China's Neighbors 3
Regions of China 4
Land Utilization 4
Mineral Resources 5
Expansion of the Chinese 6
Other Races of China 8
Language 9
Demography 10
Occupational Struc-ture 11
Poverty 12
Education 12
Family System and Conserva-tism 14
Absence of Religion and the Chinese Affinity for Ac-culturation 15
Evolution of the Chinese State 16
Ⅱ．THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF OLD CHINA 20
Early Schools 20
The Confucian School 22
Tung Chung-shu:the Great Confucianist 24
Further Enrichment of Confucian-ism 26
Confucianism Stereotyped 26
Traditionalism under Attack 28
Ⅲ．THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF OLD CHINA 30
The Monarchy 30
Principal Officers of State 32
Central Ad-ministrative Departments 34
Civil Service 35
The Censors 38
Law 40
Local Administration 42
Public Services 45
Ⅳ．THE IMPACT OF THE WEST AND THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY 49
Imitation of Western Arms 50
Imitation of Western Institu-tions:the Reform Movement 51
The Revolutionary Movement 55
The Revolution of 1911, 57
The Chinese Republic 59
Ⅴ．THE TRIALS AND FAILURES OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC 61
Yuan Shih-k'ai and the Great Betrayal 61
Tuan Ch'i-jui and His Rivals 65
Lessons of the Peking Regime 69
Ⅵ．THE RISE OF THE KUOMINTANG TO SUPREME POWER 81
The T'ung Meng Hui 81
The Parliamentary Kuomintang 83
The Chinese Revolutionary Party 84
The Splinter Groups 85
Sun Yat-sen's Canton Regime 86
Sun Yat-sen's Reorganization of the Kuomintang 88
The Death of Sun Yat-sen and the Second Party Congress 91
The Northern Expedition and the Final Triumph 92
Ⅶ．CHIANGKAI-SHEK'S RISE TO POWER WITHIN THE KUOMINTANG 94
Political Rivalries 94
Military Rivalries 101
Ⅷ．THE KUOMINTANG:ITS DOCTRINE,ORGANIZATION,AND LEADERSHIP 109
Sun Yat-sen's Reorganized Ideas 111
Ideological Sterility after Sun's Death 115
Kuomintang Membership 117
Congresses and Executive Committees 119
The Party Leader 121
Demo-cratic Centralism 123
Party Administration 124
The Youth Corps 126
Segmentation within the Party 128
Ⅸ．THE KUOMINTANG TUTELAGE 133
The Principle of Tutelage 133
The Tutelage Constitution of 1931, 137
The Political Council 139
Planning and Planning Machinery 145
Party Interference in Government 147
Ⅹ．THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AND ITS PRESIDENT 150
The Organic Law 151
The Five-Yuan Government 152
Presi-dent and Council 156
The President 159
The Council 160
Staff Organization 162
Ⅺ．THE EXECUTIVE YUAN 164
The Position of the Executive Yuan 164
The President of the Executive Yuan 166
The Members of the Executive Yuan 167
The Powers of the Executive Yuan 169
The Executive Yuan Council 171
Staff Organization of the Executive Yuan 172
The Executive Yuan and the Other Yuan 173
The Executive Yuan's Control of the Provincial Governors 175
Ⅻ．THE MILITARY POWER 177
The Chinese Tradition of Civilian Government 177
Emergence of a Military Tradition 178
Militarism and the Revolutionists 179
Military Basis of the Kuomintang Regime 179
Military Organization:1925-1937, 181
Military Organization during the War:1937-1946, 185
Nationalization of the Armed Forces 188
Problems Created by the Supremacy of the Military 189
ⅩⅢ．LEGISLATION AND THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS 191
The Legislative Yuan in the Five-Power Government 191
The President of the Legislative Yuan 193
The Members of the Legislative Yuan 194
The Sittings of the Legislative Yuan 196
The Committees of the Legislative Yuan 197
The Powers of the Legislative Yuan 199
Legislative Procedure 200
ⅩⅣ．FINANCE AND THE BUDGET 205
History of the Budget System in China 205
The Budget Law of 1937, 206
The Budget-Making Power under the Law of 1937, 208
Budget-Making During the War Years 210
The Finances of China 212
Financial Administration 214
ⅩⅤ．ADMINISTRATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS 217
Central Departments of Administration 217
Administrative Organization 219
Independent Agencies and Advisory Bodies Attached to the Administrative Departments 223
The Role of the Departmental Head 225
Local Administration 226
Administrative Action 228
Administrative Reforms 229
ⅩⅥ．THE EXAMINATION YUAN AND THE CIVIL SERVICE 233
The Examination Power 233
The Examination Yuan 234
The Examinations 235
Post-Examination Training 238
The Ministry of Personnel and the Administration of the Civil Serv-ice 240
The Personnel Establishment 243
The Civil Service 243
ⅩⅦ．LAW AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 247
The Westernization of Chinese Law 247
The Judicial Yuan 249
The Organization of the Courts 253
Judicial Procedure 255
Administrative Adjudication 257
Disciplinary Adjudica-tion 259
The Bench and the Bar 260
ⅩⅧ．THE CONTROL POWER 262
The Nature of the Control Power 262
Organization of the Control Yuan 263
Inspections and Investigations 265
Impeach-ment 268
The Rectification Power 273
The Warning Power 273
Audit 274
ⅩⅨ．THE PEOPLE'S POLITICAL COUNCIL 278
The Question of a People's Assembly for the Period of Tutelage 278
Establishment and Evolution of the Council 280
The Membership of the Council 281
The Organization and Pro-cedure of the Council 285
The Powers of the Council 288
An Evaluation of the People's Political Council 293
ⅩⅩ．WARTIME DEMANDS FOR CONSTITUTIONALISM 296
Sun Yat-sen's Ideas of Transition from Tutelage to Constitu-tionalism 296
The Preparation of a Draft Constitution 298
The Draft Constitution of May 5,1936, 303
Wartime Demands for Constitutional Government 306
Wartime Demands for Free-dom 310
The Question of the National Assembly 313
ⅩⅪ．THE CONSTITUTION OF 1946 317
The Political Consultative Conference and Constitution-Making 317
The National Assembly of 1946, 320
The Constitution of December 25,1946, 324
Preparatory Work for the Enforcement of the Constitution 329
ⅩⅫ．THE NEW GOVERNMENT OF 1948 331
The First National Assembly 331
The President of the Republic 336
The Executive Yuan 341
The Legislative Yuan 342
The Control Yuan 344
An Appraisal of the New Government of 1948, 345
ⅩⅩⅢ．POLITICAL PARTIES 346
Parties at the End of the Manchu Dynasty 346
Political Parties in the First Years of the Republic 347
The Splinter Parties of 1916-1923, 349
Rise of the Contemporary Parties 350
The Chinese Youth Party 351
The Democratic Socialist Party 354
The Third Party 355
The National Salvation Association 356
The Vocational Education Group 357
The Rural Reconstruc-tion Group 358
The Democratic League 358
The Communist Party 363
The Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang 367
ⅩⅩⅣ．PARTY POLITICS AND STRUGGLES 369
The Suppression of Political Parties,1927-1937, 369
Parties During the War Years 371
Parties in the Political Consultative Conference 375
Kuomintang Policy Regarding Other Parties 381
Communist Policy on Political Parties 383
The Prospect of Political Parties 385
ⅩⅩⅤ．THE OUTLOOK FOR A GOVERNMENT FOR THE PEOPLE AND BY THE PEOPLE 387
NOTES 399
APPENDICES 429
A．Chronology,1912-1928 431
B.A List of Constitutions,Provisional Constitutions,and Constitutional Drafts,1908-1946 435
C．The Constitution of the Republic of China,October 10,1923 436
D．The Constitution of the Republic of China,December 25,1946 447
E．Sun Yat-Sen's Fundamentals of National Reconstruction,April 12,1924 462
F．The Statute of the Chung-Kuo Kuomintang as Revised by the Sixth National Congress,May 16,1945 465
G．National Congresses and Plenary Sessions of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang 473
H．Evolution of the Political Council 475
I．Organic Law of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China Passed by the First Session of the Chinese People's Consultative Conference on September 27,1949 477
BIBLIOGRAPHY A．Books in Western Languages 483
BIBLIOGRAPHY B．Books in Chinese 499
TRANSLITERATIONS OF CHINESE WORDS 511
INDEX 515