材料手册8 气体、液体 英文PDF电子书下载

19 Gases 1037

19.1 Properties of Gases 1037

19.1.1 Pressure 1037

19.1.2 The Boyle-Mariotte Law 1039

19.1.3 Charles and Gay-Lussac's Law 1040

19.1.4 The Avogadro-Ampere Law 1040

19.1.5 Normal and Standard Conditions 1040

19.1.6 Equation ofState of Ideal Gases 1041

19.1.7 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure 1041

19.1.8 Equations of State of Real Gases 1042

19.1.8.1 Van der Waals Equation of State 1042

19.1.8.2 Virial Equation of State 1043

19.1.9 Density and Specific Gravity of Gases 1044

19.1.10 Barometric Equation 1045

19.1.11 Isobaric Coefficient of Cubic Expansion 1046

19.1.12 Compressibility Factor 1046

19.1.13 Isotherms of Real Gases and Critical Constants 1046

19.1.14 Critical Parameters 1047

19.1.15 The Principle of Corresponding States 1048

19.1.16 Microscopic Properties of Gas Molecules 1048

19.1.17 Molar and Specific Heat Capacities 1049

19.1.18 Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosities 1049

19.1.19 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 1050

19.1.20 Gas Permeability of Polymers 1051

19.1.21 Dielectric Properties of Gases,Permittivity and Breakdown Voltage 1052

19.1.22 Psychrometry and Hygrometry 1054

19.1.23 Vapor Pressure 1054

19.1.23.1 Absolute Humidity or Humidity Ratio 1054

19.1.23.2 Mass Fraction ofWater Vapor or Specific Humidity 1056

19.1.23.3 Relative Humidity 1056

19.1.23.4 Humid Heat 1056

19.1.23.5 Humid or Specific Volume 1056

19.1.23.6 Dry-Bulb Temperature 1057

19.1.23.7 Wet-Bulb Temperature 1057

19.1.23.8 Wet-Bulb Depression 1057

19.1.23.9 Dew Point Temperature 1057

19.1.23.10 Specific Enthalpy 1057

19.1.23.11 Latent Heat of Fusion 1057

19.1.23.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization 1058

19.1.23.13 Refractivity of Moist Air 1058

19.1.23.14 Psychrometric Charts 1058

19.1.23.15 Psychrometric Equations 1058

19.1.24 Flammability of Gases and Vapors 1062

19.1.24.1 Flammability Limits 1062

19.1.24.2 Explosive Limits 1062

19.1.24.3 Autoignition Temperature 1063

19.1.24.4 Ignition Energy 1063

19.1.24.5 Maximum Explosion Pressure 1063

19.1.24.6 Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise 1063

19.1.24.7 High and Low Heating Values 1063

19.1.25 Toxicity of Gases and Threshold Limit Averages 1064

19.2 Physico-Chemical Properties of Major Gases 1064

19.3 Monographies on Major Industrial Gases 1074

19.3.1 Air 1074

19.3.2 Nitrogen 1075

19.3.3 Oxygen 1076

19.3.4 Hydrogen 1078

19.3.5 Methane 1086

19.3.6 Carbon Monoxide 1087

19.3.7 Carbon Dioxide 1089

19.3.8 Helium and Noble Gases 1090

19.3.8.1 Neon 1091

19.3.8.2 Argon 1092

19.3.8.3 Krypton 1092

19.3.8.4 Xenon 1092

19.3.8.5 Radon 1092

19.4 Halocarbons 1093

19.5 Hydrates of Gases and Clathrates 1094

19.6 Materials for Drying and Purifying Gases 1095

19.6.1 Drying Agents and Dessicants 1095

19.6.2 Molecular Sieves 1095

19.6.3 Getters and Scavengers 1099

19.7 Producers and Manufacturers of Major Industrial Gases 1100

19.8 Further Reading 1101

20 Liquids 1103

20.1 Properties of Liquids 1103

20.1.1 Density and Specific Gravity 1103

20.1.2 Hydrometer Scales 1104

20.1.3 Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosities 1104

20.1.3.1 Shear Stress 1105

20.1.3.2 Shear Rate 1105

20.1.3.3 Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity 1105

20.1.3.4 Kinematic Viscosity 1105

20.1.3.5 Temperature Dependence of the Dynamic Viscosity 1106

20.1.4 Classification of Fluids 1106

20.1.5 The Hagen-Poiseuille Equation and Pressure Losses 1106

20.1.5.1 Pressure Drop 1106

20.1.5.2 Friction Losses 1106

20.1.6 Sedimentation and Free settling 1109

20.1.7 Vapor Pressure 1110

20.1.8 Surface Tension,Wetting and Capillarity 1110

20.1.8.1 Surface Tension 1110

20.1.8.2 Temperature Dependence and Order of Magnitude of Surface Tension 1112

20.1.8.3 Parachor and Walden's Rule 1113

20.1.8.4 Wetting 1113

20.1.8.5 Contact Angle 1113

20.1.8.6 Young's Equation 1113

20.1.8.7 Work of Cohesion,Work of Adhesion and Spreading Coefficient 1114

20.1.8.8 Two Liquids and a Solid 1115

20.1.8.9 Antonoff's Rule 1116

20.1.8.10 Capillarity and the Young-Laplace Equation 1116

20.1.8.11 Jurin's Law 1116

20.1.8.12 Measurements of Surface Tension 1117

20.1.9 Colligative Properties of Nonvolatile Solutes 1118

20.1.9.1 Raoult's Law for Boiling Point Elevation 1118

20.1.9.2 Raoult's Law and Freezing Point Depression 1119

20.1.9.3 Van't Hoff Law for Osmotic Pressure 1120

20.1.10 Flammability of Liquids 1121

20.2 Properties of Most Common Liquids 1121

20.3 Monographies on Liquids 1121

20.3.1 Properties of Water and Heavy Water 1121

20.3.2 Properties of Liquid Acids and Bases 1168

20.3.3 Properties of Heavy Liquids(Heavy Media) 1171

20.3.3.1 Dense Halogenated Organic Solvents 1171

20.3.3.2 Dense Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Salts 1172

20.3.3.3 Low Temperature of Molten Inorganic Salts 1174

20.3.3.4 Dense Emulsions and Suspensions 1174

20.3.3.5 Paramagnetic Liquid Oxygen 1175

20.4 Properties of Liquid Metals 1175

20.5 Properties of Molten Salts 1177

20.6 Properties of Heat Transfer Fluids 1178

20.7 Colloidal and Dispersed Systems 1180

20.8 Further Reading 1180