材料手册7 土壤、肥料、水泥、混凝土、石材、结构材料、林木、燃料、推进剂、炸药、复合材料 英文PDF电子书下载

14 Soils and Fertilizers 927

14.1 Introduction 927

14.2 History 928

14.3 Pedogenesis 929

14.3.1 Weathering and Alteration of Minerals and Clays Formation 929

14.3.2 Incorporation of Organic Matter 929

14.3.3 Mass Transfer between Horizons 930

14.3.3.1 Descending Processes 930

14.3.3.2 Ascending Processes 931

14.4 Soil Morphology 931

14.4.1 Major Horizons 931

14.4.2 Transitional Horizons 931

14.4.3 Subdivisions of Master Horizons 932

14.5 Soil Properties 936

14.5.1 Horizon Boundaries 936

14.5.2 Coloration of Soils 936

14.5.2 Soil Texture 938

14.5.4 Soil Structure 941

14.5.5 Consistency 944

14.5.6 Roots 945

14.5.7 Acidity(pH)and Effervescence 945

14.6 Soil Taxonomy 945

14.6.1 USDA Classification of Soils 945

14.6.2 FAO Classification of Soils 948

14.6.3 French Classification of Soils 954

14.6.4 ASTM Civil Engineering Classification of Soils 956

14.7 Soil Identification 957

14.8 ISO and ASTM Standards 958

14.9 Physical Properties of Common Soils 961

14.10 Fertilizers 961

14.10.1 Nitrogen Fertilizers 962

14.10.2 Phosphorus Fertilizers 963

14.10.3 Potassium Fertilizers 964

14.10.4 Role of Micronutrients in Soils 965

14.11 Further Reading 966

15 Cements,Concrete,Building Stones and Construction Materials 967

15.1 Introduction 967

15.1.1 Nonhydraulic Cements 968

15.2 Portland Cement 968

15.2.1 History 969

15.2.2 Raw Materials for Portland Cement 969

15.2.3 Processing of Portland Cement 970

15.2.4 Portland Cement Chemistry 971

15.2.5 Portland Cement Nomenclature 973

15.3 Aggregates 974

15.3.1 Coarse Aggregates 975

15.3.2 Fine Aggregates 976

15.4 Mineral Admixtures 976

15.5 Mortars and Concrete 976

15.5.1 Definitions 976

15.5.2 Degradation Processes 977

15.6 Ceramics for Construction 978

15.7 Building Stones 979

15.7.1 Limestones and Dolomites 979

15.7.2 Sandstones 979

15.7.3 Basalt 979

15.7.4 Granite 979

15.8 Further Reading 981

16 Timbers and Woods 983

16.1 General Description 983

16.2 Properties of Woods 985

16.2.1 Moisture Content 985

16.2.2 Specific Gravity and Density 986

16.2.3 Drying and Shrinkage 987

16.2.4 Mechanical Properties 987

16.2.5 Thermal Properties 988

16.2.6 Electrical Properties 989

16.2.7 Heating Values and Flammability 989

16.2.8 Durability and Decay Resistance 990

16.3 Properties of Hardwoods and Softwoods 990

16.4 Applications 997

16.5 Wood Performance in Various Corrosives 997

16.6 Further Reading 998

17 Fuels,Propellants and Explosives 999

17.1 Introduction and Classification 999

17.2 Combustion Characteristics 999

17.2.1 Enthalpy of Combustion 999

17.2.1.1 Stoichiometric Combustion Ratios 1001

17.2.1.2 Low(Net)and High(Gross)Heating Values 1001

17.2.1.3 Air Excess 1002

17.2.1.4 Dulong's Equations and Other Practical Equations 1002

17.2.1.5 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 1003

17.2.1.6 Wobbe Index for Gaseous Fuels 1003

17.3 Solid Fuels:Coals and Cokes 1004

17.4 Liquid Fuels 1008

17.5 Gaseous Fuels 1009

17.6 Prices of Common Fuels 1011

17.7 Propellants 1011

17.7.1 Liquid Propellants 1011

17.7.1.1 Petroleum-based Propellants 1012

17.7.1.2 Cryogenic Propellants 1012

17.7.1.3 Hypergolic Propellants 1012

17.7.2 Solid Propellants 1014

17.8 Explosives 1015

17.9 Further Reading 1018

17.9.1 Fuels and Combustion 1018

17.9.2 Propellants and Explosives 1018

18 Composite Materials 1019

18.1 Definitions 1019

18.2 Properties of Composites 1021

18.2.1 Density 1021

18.2.2 Tensile Strength and Elastic Moduli 1022

18.2.3 Specific Heat Capacity 1023

18.2.4 Thermal Conductivity 1023

18.2.5 Thermal Expansion Coefficient 1024

18.3 Fabrication Processes for Monofilaments 1024

18.4 Reinforcement Materials 1025

18.4.1 Glass Fibers 1025

18.4.2 Boron Fibers 1025

18.4.3 Carbon Fibers 1026

18.4.4 Polyethylene Fibers 1027

18.4.5 Polyaramide Fibers 1027

18.4.6 Ceramic Oxide Fibers 1028

18.4.7 Silicon Carbide Fibers 1028

18.5 Polymer Matrix Composites(PMCs) 1029

18.6 Metal Matrix Composites(MMCs) 1031

18.7 Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs) 1033

18.8 Carbon-Carbon Composites(CCs) 1034

18.9 Further Reading 1035