SURFACE CHEMISTRYPDF电子书下载

Ⅰ.Liquid-Gas 1

Surface Tension 1

Measurement of Surface Tension 4

A.The Radii of Curvature 4

B.Sessile Drops and Bubbles 7

C.Capillary Pull 8

D.Hanging Drops and Fibers 10

E.Capillary Rise 11

F.Liquid Jets 14

G.Floating Sheet 15

H.Drop Weight 16

I.Oscillating Drops 18

J Ripples 19

K.Rupture of the Surface.“Tensiometer” 20

L.Maximum Bubble Pressure 21

Rate of Capillary Rise 23

Cap？llary Attraction 34

Drop Size.Spraying 39

Bubble Size 44

Bubbling Pressure and Pore Size 47

Surface Tension Values 48

Surface Tension and Temperature.Surface Tension and Other Properties 52

Surface Tension and Chemical Composition 57

Thermodynamics of Surface Tens？on.Surface Tension and Vapor Pressure 60

Electric,Magnetic,and Light Effects on Surface Tension 63

Surface Tension of Solutions 64

Surface Tension of Ternary Mixtures 76

Unimolecular F？lms or Monolayers 78

Retardation of Evaporation by Unimolecular Films 83

Surface Viscosity 84

Drops Floating Above a Surface 86

Movements in a Liquid Surface 89

Gibbs Adsorption Equat？on,Chemical Equ？l？br？um at Interfaces 90

The Structure of Surfaces 94

Foam Films and Foam Bubbles 98

Foam,Froth,Lather 100

Utilization of Foam 107

Foam Prevention 113

Liquid Aerosols,M？st,Fog 116

Utilization of Mists 123

Dissipation of Fogs 124

References 128

Ⅱ.Liquid-Liquid 136

Interfacial Tension 136

Values of Interfacial Tension 136

Interracial Tension in Multicomponent Systems 141

Liquid Lenses and Spreading of Liquids over Liquids 146

Films at Interfaces 153

Emulsions 155

Preparation of Emulsions 158

Stability of Emulsions 163

Inversion of Emulsions 166

Utilization of Emulsions 168

Breaking of Emulsions 171

References 173

Ⅲ.Solid-Gas 177

Surface Energy of Solids 177

Surface Cleanness 179

Surface Roughness 181

Methods for Determining Surface Roughness 183

Data on Surface Roughness 193

Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Solid Surfaces 195

Adsorption of Gases and Vapors 197

The Adsorption Isotherm 200

The Adsorption Isobar 207

The Adsorption Isostere 209

Adsorption Hysteresis 209

The Heat of Adsorption 212

The Nature of the Adsorbent 215

The Surface Area of the Adsorbent 220

A.Geometrical Determination 220

B.Permeability Method 220

C.Heat Conductance Method 221

D.Gas Adsorption Method 221

E.Heat of Wetting Method 224

Adsorption of Gas Mixtures 225

The Rate of Adsorption 228

Migration in the Adsorption Layer 235

A.Rate of Crystal Growth 235

B.Diffusion Through a Porous Adsorbent 236

C.Radioactive Tracers 236

D.Electron Emission 237

Utilization of the Adsorption of Gases and Vapors 238

Corrosion by Gases 240

Dust and Smoke 245

Determination of Particle Size 249

A.Sieving 249

B.Air Permeability 250

C.Separation and Measurement of Single Particles 250

D Electrostatic Determination 250

Utilization and Precipitation of Dust and Smoke 251

References 257

Ⅳ.Solid-Liquid 263

Interracial Energy 263

Stagnant Layers at Sohd-Liquid Interfaces 265

Heat Transfer 269

Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Sohd Surfaces 271

Surface Roughness of Electrodes 279

Th？n Metal Films Condensed from Vapor 281

Adsorption of Liquids Heat of Wetting 284

Adsorption from Solutions 287

The Isotherm of Apparent Adsorption 289

The Temperature Coefficient of Adsorption 294

The Nature of the Adsorbent 295

The Rate of Adsorption 299

Adsorption on Crystal Faces 305

The Absolute Magnitude of Adsorption.The Surface Area of Adsorbent 309

A.Adsorption Method 311

B.Rad？oactive Exchange Method 313

C.Other Methods 315

The Importance of Adsorption 317

Utilization of Adsorption for Removing Unwanted Constituents 320

Utilization of Adsorption for Recovering Valuable Constituents 322

Corrosion by Liquids 325

Suspensions 328

References 335

Ⅴ.Solid-Liquid-Gas.Solid-Liquid-Liquid 340

The Contact Angle 340

A Direct Measurement 343

B.Computation from the Drop Size 343

C.Level Surface Method 344

Reproducibility of Contact Angle Values 345

The Hysteresis of the Contact Angle 348

Contact Angles and Surface Roughness 352

Numerical Values for Contact Angles 354

Contact Anglesin Sohd-Liquid-Liquid Systems 357

Imbibition and Wetting 359

Importance and Utihzation of Wetting 362

Solid Particles in Liquid Surfaces 371

Comm？nuti？on and Surface Energy 378

Adhesion 382

Friction and Lubrication 388

References 395

Ⅵ.Electric Surface Phenomena 399

Static Electricity 399

Conductance of Solid-Gas Interfaces 400

Prevention of Static Electricity 403

Balloelectricity 403

Electrokinetic Phenomena 405

Electrokinetic Measurements 406

The Theory of Electrokinetic Phenomena 412

Surface Conductance.Electroviscous Effect 418

Effect of the Composition of the Liquid Phase on Electrokinetic Phenomena 419

Effect of the Solid on Electrokinetic Phenomena 425

The Electric Double Layer 428

Mutual Repulsion of Electric Double Layers 433

Utilization of Electrokinetic Phenomena 433

Electrodialysis 437

Electrocapillarity 441

The Capacity of the Double Layer 450

Secondary Electrocapillary Effects 452

References 460

Author Index 464

Subject Index 480