企业决策研究 英文版 第4版PDF电子书下载

PART 1 SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY S ROLE IN DECISION MAKING 1

CHAPTER 1 THE ROLE OF BUSINESS RESEARCH IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS 2

OVERVIEW 3

THE NATURE OF DECISION MAKING 3

Levels of Decision Making 4

Decision-Making Processes 6

THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN DECISION MAKING 8

Business Research Defined 8

Business Research and Ethics 9

Role In Decision Making 10

Research and the Intermational Business Setting 12

THE MANAGER-RESEARCHER RELATIONSHIP 13

PLAN OF THE BOOK 15

The Business Research Process 16

SUMMARY 19

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 19

NOTES 20

SUGGESTED READING 22

CHAPTER 2 SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY 24

OVERVIEW 25

DEFINITIONS 25

Observations,Facts 26

Concepts,Constructs,Definitions,Variables 26

Problems,Hypotheses,Laws 28

Theories,Models 30

METHODS OF THEORY CONSTRUCTION 32

Model-Based Theory 34

Functional Theory 35

Deductive Theory 35

Inductive Theory 36

RELEVANCE OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS RESEARCH 36

Science versus Nonscience 36

Scientific Method 37

STATE OF THE ART IN BUSINESS RESEARCH 38

Levels of Scientific Endeavor 39

Computers and Business Research 41

Where Do We Go from Here? 42

SUMMARY 43

NOTES 44

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 44

SUGGESTED READING 47

PART 2 BEGINNING THE RESEARCH PROCESS 51

CHAPTER 3 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION IN BUSINESS INQUIRY 52

OVERVIEW 53

SECONDARY DATA IN BUSINESS RESEARCH 53

Uses of Secondary Data 55

Search Strategy 57

Manual Searches 59

SELECTION OF DATA RETRIEVAL METHODS 59

Online Searches 67

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS 76

SUMMARY 78

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 79

NOTES 80

SUGGESTED READING 82

CHAPTER 4 PROBLEM AND PROPOSAL DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT 84

OVERVIEW 85

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND FORMULATION 85

Problem Identification 86

Problem Formulation 87

The Question of Value 90

PROPOSAL DEVELOPMENT 92

A Typology of Business-Related Research Proposals 93

Structure of a Proposal 95

A Sample Research Proposal 96

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS 102

Proposal Evaluation Mechanisms 103

Other Control Mechanisms 105

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 108

SUMMARY 108

NOTES 109

SUGGESTED READING 110

APPENDIX:METHODS OF ASSESSING THE VALUE OF RESEARCH INFORMATION 112

Bayesian Decision Analysis 112

Simple Savings Method 115

Return on Investment 116

Notes 117

PART 3 RESEARCH DESIGN 119

CHAPTER 5 FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH DESIGN 120

THE NATURE OF RESEARCH DESIGN 121

OVERVIEW 121

ERROR REDUCTION THROUGH DESIGN 122

Potential Sources of Error in the Research Process 123

Managerial Strategies for Degling with Error 126

MAJOR TYPES OF DESIGNS 127

Ex Post Facto Designs 133

Experimental Designs 135

SPECIFIC DESIGN CONFIGURATIONS 137

Validity Concems 137

Specific Designs 139

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS 144

SUMMARY 147

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 147

NOTES 148

SUGGESTED READING 150

APPENDIX:ADVANCED EXPERIMENTAL DEXIGNS 152

Completely Randomized Design 153

Randomized Block Design 154

The Latin Square Design 155

Factorial Design 157

Analysis of Covariance 158

Notes 158

CHAPTER 6 FOUNDATIONS OF MEASUREMENT 160

OVERVIEW 161

THE NATURE OF MEASUREMENT 161

Components of Measurement 162

The Measurement Process 163

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 166

Nominal 168

Ordinal 169

Interval 170

Ratio 170

EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENT SCALES 171

Validity 172

Reliability 174

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS 179

SUMMARY 181

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 181

NOTES 182

SUGGESTED READING 183

APPENDIX:COMPUTATIONAL EXAMPLE OF COEFFICIENT ALPHA FOR ENERGY CONSCIOUSNESS MULTHTEM SCALE 185

CHAPTER 7 SCALING AND INSTRUMENT DESIGN 187

OVERVIEW 188

THE NATURE OF INSTRUMENT DESIGN 188

SCALE DEVELOPMENT 190

Item Phrasing 191

Response Formats 196

Frequenfly Used Scaling Techniques 197

INSTRUMENT DESIGN 201

Scale Sequencing and Layout 202

Pretesting and Collecting 207

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS 207

SUMMARY 210

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 210

NOTES 211

SUGGESTED READING 213

CHAPTER 8 SAMPLING DESIGN 214

THE NATURE OF SAMPLING 215

Terminology 215

OVERVIEW 215

The Rationale for Sampling 218

The Sampling Process 218

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF SAMPLING 222

SAMPLE DESIGNS 224

Sample Design Choice Considerations 224

Probability Designs 225

PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SAMPLING 238

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS 243

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 245

SUMMARY 245

NOTES 246

SUGGESTED READING 248

APPENDIX:A COMPUTATIONAL EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATING THE PROPERTIES OF THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM 250

Notes 253

PART 4 DATA COLLECTION 255

CHAPTER 9 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION 256

OVERVIEW 257

THE NATURE OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION(PDC) 257

PASSIVE PDC 260

Personal Interviewing 263

ACTIVE PDC 263

Telephone Interviewing 267

Mail Interviewing 268

Computerized Interviewing 275

A Comparison of Collection Methods 276

PDC VENDORS 278

PANEL VENDORS 282

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS 283

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 286

SUMMARY 286

NOTES 287

SUGGESTED READING 290

APPENDIX:QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 292

Nature and Uses of Qualitative Research 292

Types of Qualitative Research 294

Notes 298

CHAPTER 10 MODEL BUILDING:SELECTION AND USE 299

OVERVIEW 300

IMPORTANCE AND TERMINOLOGY 300

VERBAL VERSUS MATHEMATICAL MODELS 302

Classification Criteria 304

TYPES OF MODELS 304

Model Specification 305

Managerial Objectives of Modeling 307

SELECTING A MODEL SOLUTION TECHNIQUE 310

Sample Decision Models and Solution Techniques 310

AN EXAMPLE OF MODEL CONSTRUCTION SOLUTION AND USE 317

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS 320

SUMMARY 323

NOTES 324

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 324

SUGGESTED READING 326

PART 5 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 329

CHAPTER 11 PLANNING FOR DATA ANALYSIS 330

OVERVIEW 331

PLANNING ISSUES 331

SELECTING APPROPRIATE ANALYTICAL SOFTWARE 332

THE PREANALYTICAL PROCESS 336

Step 1:Data Editing 339

Step 2:Variable Development 339

Step 3:Data Doding 340

Step 4:Error Check 343

Step 5:Data Structure Generation 343

Step 6:Preanalytical Computer Check 344

Step 7:Tabulation 344

BASIC ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR BUSINESS RESEARCH 345

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS 349

SUMMARY 351

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 351

NOTES 352

SUGGESTED READING 353

CHAPTER 12 BASIC ANALYTICAL METHODS 355

OVERVIEW 356

CLASSIFICATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS BY PURPOSE 356

BASIC METHODS OF ASSESSING ASSOCIATION 362

Crosstabulation 362

Contingency Correlation 364

Spearman Rank Correlation 366

Pearson s 367

Chi-Square Test 370

BASIC METHODS OF ASSESSING DIFFERENCES 370

Z-Test for Differences in Proportions 373

t-Test for Differences in Means 374

SUMMARY 377

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 378

NOTES 379

SUGGESTED READING 380

APPENDIX:ADDITIONAL BASIC ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 382

The Normal Distribution 382

Standardizing a Data Array 383

Caiculation of the Sample Mean X and Sample Variance S2 383

Covariation(Covariance) 384

CHAPTER 13 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND REGRESSION TECHNIQUES 385

OVERVIEW 386

THE NATURE OF VARIANCE DECOMPOSITION 386

LINEAR MODELS 389

One-Way Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) 389

Two-Way Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) 396

Linear Regression 405

Analysis of Covariance 419

SUMMARY 421

NONPARAMETRIC ANOVA 421

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 423

NOTES 425

SUGGESTED READING 427

APPENDIX:THE USE OF DUMMY AND EFFECT CODING TO EXAMINE GROUP DIFFERENCES USING MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION 429

CHAPTER 14 ADVANCED MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS 432

OVERVIEW 433

INTRODUCTION TO MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS 433

SELECTION OF A MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUE 434

ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENCY 435

Muitivariate Analysis of Variance 436

Multiple Discriminant Analysis 439

Conjoint Analysis 441

Covariance Structure Analysis 443

ANALYSIS OF INTERDEPENDENCY 445

Factor Analysis 445

Cluster Analysis 450

Mulfidimensional Scaling 451

COMMENT ON MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES 455

SUMMARY 455

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 456

NOTES 457

SUGGESTED READING 460

PART 6 RESEARCH REPORTING AND EVALUATION 461

CHAPTER 15 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH 462

OVERVIEW 463

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH 463

Societal Rights 465

Subjects Rights 466

Clients /Managers Rights 468

Researchers Rights 469

CODES OF ETHICS 470

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS 471

SUMMARY 472

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 473

NOTES 474

SUGGESTED READING 475

APPENDIX:EXCERPTS FROM THE ICC/ESOMAR INTERNATIONAL CODE OF MARKETING AND SOCIAL RESEARCH PRACTICE 477

Introduction 477

3.2 Code 479

Appendix 1 481

CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH REPORTING 484

OVERVIEW 485

WRITTEN RESEARCH REPORTS 485

The Outline 485

Guidelines 491

ORAL PRESENTATIONS 498

COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES IN THE FUTURE 500

MANAGERIAL CONSIDERATIONS 501

SUMMARY 502

NOTES 503

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 503

SUGGESTED READING 504

CHAPTER 17 EVALUATION OF BUSINESS RESEARCH 506

OVERVIEW 507

EVALUATING A RESEARCH REPORT 507

Evaluation:Problem Development 507

Evaluation:Research Design 523

Evaluation:Data Collection 524

Evaluation:Analytical Procedures 524

Evaluation:Reporting 525

Overall Evaluative Score 526

SUMMARY 526

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 527

SUGGESTED READING 527

APPENDIX A APRACTITIONER S GUIDE TO SECONDARY BUSINESS INFORMATION SOURCES 528

RESEARCH GUIDES AND BIBUOGRAPHIES 529

ENCYCLOPEDIAS,DIRECTORIES,DICTIONARIES AND HANDBOOKS 532

INDEXES 535

STATISTICAL SOURCES 537

REFERENCES FOR INDIVIDUAL COMPANIES 541

OTHER SOURCES:INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 542

A NOTE ON THE STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION(SIC) 544

APPENDIX B SELECTED STATISTICAL TABLES 547

TABLE B.1 RANDOM NUMBERS 548

TABLE B.2 AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE 549

TABLE B.3 DISTRIBUTION OF t 550

TABLE B.4 DISTRIBUTION OF x2 552

TABLE B.5 FDISTRIBUTION 554

TABLE B.6 FISHER S z TRANSFORMATION OF lxy 569

INDEX 570