TCP/IP详解 卷1 协议 英文版PDF电子书下载

Preface 1

Chapter 1. Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Layering 1

1.3 TCP/IP Layering 6

1.4 Internet Addresses 7

1.5 The Domain Name System 9

1.6 Encapsulation 9

1.7 Demultiplexing 11

1.8 Client-Server Model 12

1.9 Port Numbers 12

1.10 Standardization Process 14

1.11 RFCs 14

1.12 Standard, Simple Services 15

1.13 The Internet 16

1.14 Implementations 16

1.15 Application Programming Interfaces 17

1.16 Test Network 18

1.17 Summary 19

Chapter 2. Link Layer 21

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Ethernet and IEEE 802 Encapsulation 21

2.3 Trailer Encapsulation 23

2.4 SLIP: Serial Line IP 24

2.5 Compressed SLIP 25

2.6 PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol 26

2.7 Loopback Interface 28

2.8 MTU 29

2.9 Path MTU 30

2.10 Serial Line Throughput Calculations 30

2.11 Summary 31

Chapter 3. IP: Internet Protocol 33

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 IP Header 34

3.3 IP Routing 37

3.4 Subnet Addressing 42

3.5 Subnet Mask 43

3.6 Special Case IP Addresses 45

3.7 A Subnet Example 46

3.8 ifconfig Command 47

3.9 netstat Command 49

3.10 IP Futures 49

3.11 Summary 50

Chapter 4. ARP: Address Resolution Protocol 53

4.1 Introduction 53

4.2 An Example 54

4.3 ARP Cache 56

4.4 ARP Packet Format 56

4.5 ARP Examples 57

4.6 Proxy ARP 60

4.7 Gratuitous ARP 62

4.9 Summary 63

4.8 arp Command 63

Chapter 5. RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol 65

5.1 Introduction 65

5.2 RARP Packet Format 65

5.3 RARP Examples 66

5.4 RARP Server Design 67

5.5 Summary 68

6.1 Introduction 69

Chapter 6. ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol 69

6.2 ICMP Message Types 70

6.3 ICMP Address Mask Request and Reply 72

6.4 ICMP Timestamp Request and Reply 74

6.5 ICMP Port Unreachable Error 77

6.6 4.4BSD Processing of ICMP Messages 81

6.7 Summary 83

Chapter 7. Ping Program 85

7.1 Introduction 85

7.2 Ping Program 85

7.3 IP Record Route Option 91

7.4 IP Timestamp Option 95

7.5 Summary 96

Chapter 8. Traceroute Program 97

8.1 Introduction 97

8.2 Traceroute Program Operation 97

8.3 LAN Output 99

8.4 WAN Output 102

8.5 IP Source Routing Option 104

8.6 Summary 109

Chapter 9. IP Routing 111

9.1 Introduction 111

9.2 Routing Principles 112

9.3 ICMP Host and Network Unreachable Errors 117

9.4 To Forward or Not to Forward 119

9.5 ICMP Redirect Errors 119

9.6 ICMP Router Discovery Messages 123

9.7 Summary 125

10.2 Dynamic Routing 127

Chapter 10. Dynamic Routing Protocols 127

10.1 Introduction 127

10.3 Unix Routing Daemons 128

10.4 RIP: Routing Information Protocol 129

10.5 RIP Version 2 136

10.6 OSPF: Open Shortest Path First 137

10.7 BGP: Border Gateway Protocol 138

10.8 CIDR: Classiess Interdomain Routing 140

10.9 Summary 141

Chapter 11. UDP: User Datagram Protocol 143

11.1 Introduction 143

11.2 UDP Header 144

11.3 UDP Checksum 144

11.4 A Simple Example 147

11.5 IP Fragmentation 148

11.6 ICMP Unreachable Error (Fragmentation Required) 151

11.7 Determining the Path MTU Using Traceroute 153

11.8 Path MTU Discovery with UDP 155

11.9 Interaction Between UDP and ARP 157

11.10 Maximum UDP Datagram Size 159

11.11 ICMP Source Quench Error 160

11.12 UDP Server Design 162

11.13 Summary 167

Chapter 12. Broadcasting and Multicasting 169

12.1 Introduction 169

12.2 Broadcasting 171

12.3 Broadcasting Examples 172

12.4 Multicasting 175

12.5 Summary 178

Chapter 13. IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol 179

13.1 Introduction 179

13.2 IGMP Message 180

13.3 IGMP Protocol 180

13.4 An Example 183

13.5 Summary 186

14.1 Introduction 187

Chapter 14. DNS: The Domain Name System 187

14.2 DNS Basics 188

14.3 DNS Message Format 191

14.4 A Simple Example 194

14.5 Pointer Queries 198

14.6 Resource Records 201

14.7 Caching 203

14.8 UDP or TCP 206

14.9 Another Example 206

14.10 Summary 208

Chapter 15. TFTP: Trivial File Transfer Protocol 209

15.1 Introduction 209

15.2 Protocol 209

15.3 An Example 211

15.4 Security 213

15.5 Summary 213

16.2 BOOTP Packet Format 215

16.1 Introduction 215

Chapter 16. BOOTP: Bootstrap Protocol 215

16.3 An Example 218

16.4 BOOTP Server Design 219

16.5 BOOTP Through a Router 220

16.6 Vendor-Specific Information 221

16.7 Summary 222

17.1 Introduction 223

17.2 TCP Services 223

Chapter 17. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol 223

17.3 TCP Header 225

17.4 Summary 227

Chapter 18. TCP Connection Establishment and Termination 229

18.1 Introduction 229

18.2 Connection Establishment and Termination 229

18.3 Timeout of Connection Establishment 235

18.4 Maximum Segment Size 236

18.5 TCP Half-Close 238

18.6 TCP State Transition Diagram 240

18.7 Reset Segments 246

18.8 Simultaneous Open 250

18.9 Simultaneous Close 252

18.10 TCP Options 253

18.11 TCP Server Design 254

18.12 Summary 260

19.1 Introduction 263

19.2 Interactive Input 263

Chapter 19. TCP Interactive Data Flow 263

19.3 Delayed Acknowledgments 265

19.4 Nagle Algorithm 267

19.5 Window Size Advertisements 274

19.6 Summary 274

Chapter 20. TCP Bulk Data Flow 275

20.1 Introduction 275

20.2 Normal Data Flow 275

20.3 Sliding Windows 280

20.4 Window Size 282

20.5 PUSH Flag 284

20.6 Slow Start 285

20.7 Bulk Data Throughput 286

20.8 Urgent Mode 292

20.9 Summary 296

Chapter 21. TCP Timeout and Retransmission 297

21.1 Introduction 297

21.2 Simple Timeout and Retransmission Example 298

21.3 Round-Trip Time Measurement 299

21.4 An RTT Example 301

21.5 Congestion Example 306

21.6 Congestion Avoidance Algorithm 310

21.7 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery Algorithms 312

21.8 Congestion Example (Continued) 313

21.9 Per-Route Metrics 316

21.10 ICMP Errors 317

21.11 Repacketization 320

21.12 Summary 321

Chapter 22. TCP Persist Timer 323

22.1 Introduction 323

22.2 An Example 323

22.3 Silly Window Syndrome 325

22.4 Summary 330

Chapter 23. TCP Keepalive Timer 331

23.1 Introduction 331

23.2 Description 332

23.3 Keepalive Examples 333

23.4 Summary 337

Chapter 24. TCP Futures and Performance 339

24.1 Introduction 339

24.2 Path MTU Discovery 340

24.3 Long Fat Pipes 344

24.4 Window Scale Option 347

24.5 Timestamp Option 349

24.7 T/TCP: A TCP Extension for Transactions 351

24.6 PAWS: Protection Against Wrapped Sequence Numbers 351

24.8 TCP Performance 354

24.9 Summary 356

Chapter 25. SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol 359

25.1 Introduction 359

25.2 Protocol 360

25.3 Structure of Management Information 363

25.4 Object Identifiers 364

25.5 Introduction to the Management Information Base 365

25.6 Instance Identification 367

25.7 Simple Examples 370

25.8 Management Information Base (Continued) 372

25.9 Additional Examples 382

25.10 Traps 385

25.11 ASN.1 and BER 386

25.12 SNMP Version 2 387

25.13 Summary 388

26.1 Introduction 389

Chapter 26. Telnet and Rlogin: Remote Login 389

26.2 Rlogin Protocol 391

26.3 Rlogin Examples 396

26.4 Telnet Protocol 401

26.5 Telnet Examples 406

26.6 Summary 417

27.1 Introduction 419

27.2 FTP Protocol 419

Chapter 27. FTP: File Transfer Protocol 419

27.3 FTP Examples 426

27.4 Summary 439

Chapter 28. SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 441

28.1 Introduction 441

28.2 SMTP Protocol 442

28.3 SMTP Examples 448

28.4 SMTP Futures 452

28.5 Summary 459

29.2 Sun Remote Procedure Call 461

Chapter 29. NFS: Network File System 461

29.1 Introduction 461

29.3 XDR: External Data Representation 465

29.4 Port Mapper 465

29.5 NFS Protocol 467

29.6 NFS Examples 474

29.7 NFS Version 3 479

29.8 Summary 480

Chapter 30. Other TCP/IP Applications 481

30.1 Introduction 481

30.2 Finger Protocol 481

30.3 Whois Protocol 483

30.4 Archie, WAIS,Gopher, Veronica, and WWW 484

30.5 X Window System 486

30.6 Summary 490

Appendix A. The tcpdump Program 491

A.1 BSD Packet Filter 491

A.2 SunOS Network Interface Tap 493

A.3 SVR4 Data Link Provider Interface 494

A.4 tcpdump Output 495

A.5 Security Considerations 496

A.6 Socket Debug Option 496

Appendix B. Computer Clocks 499

Appendix C. The sock Program 503

Appendix D. Solutions to Selected Exercises 507

Appendix E. Configurable Options 525

E.1 BSD/386 Version 1.0 526

E.2 SunOS 4.1.3 527

E.3 System V Release 4 529

E.4 Solaris 2.2 529

E.5 AIX 3.2.2 536

E.6 4.4BSD 537

Appendix F. Source Code Availability 539

Bibliography 543

Index 555