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Chapter 1 Introduction to Compiling 1

1．1 Compilers 1

1．2 Analysis of the source program 4

1．3 The phases of a compiler 10

1．4 Cousins of the compiler 16

1．5 The grouping of phases 20

1．6 Compiler-construction tools 22

Bibliographic notes 23

Chapter 2 A Simple One-Pass Compiler 25

2．1 Overview 25

2．2 Syntax definition 26

2．3 Syntax-directed translation 33

2．4 Parsing 40

2．5 A translator for simple expressions 48

2．6 Lexical analysis 54

2．7 Incorporating a symbol table 60

2．8 A bstract stack machines 62

2．9 Putting the techniques together 69

Exercises 78

Bibliographic notes 81

Chapter 3 Lexical Analysis 83

3．1 The role of the lexical analyzer 84

3．2 Input buffering 88

3．3 Specification of tokens 92

3．4 Recognition of tokens 98

3．5 A language for specifying lexical analyzers 105

3．6 Finite automata 113

3．7 From a regular expression to an NFA 121

3．8 Design of a lexical analyzer generator 128

3．9 Optimization of DFA-based pattern matchers 134

Exercises 146

Bibliographic notes 157

Chapter 4 Symtax Analysis 159

4．1 The role of the parser 160

4．2 Context-free grammars 165

4．3 Writing a grammar 172

4．4 Top-down parsing 181

4．5 Bottom-up parsing 195

4．6 Operator-precedence parsing 203

4．7 LR parsers 215

4．8 Using ambiguous grammars 247

4．9 Parser generators 257

Exercises 267

Bibliographic notes 277

Chapter 5 Syntax-Directed Translation 279

5．1 Syntax-directed definitions 280

5．2 Construction of syntax trees 287

5．3 Bottom-up evaluation of S-attributed definitions 293

5．4 L-attributed definitions 296

5．5 Top-down translation 302

5．6 Bottom-up evaluation of inherited attributes 308

5．7 Recursive evaluators 316

5．8 Space for attribute values at compile time 320

5．9 Assigning space at compiler-construction time 323

5．10 Analysis of syntax-directed definitions 329

Exercises 336

Bibliographic notes 340

Chapter 6 Type Checking 343

6．1 Type systems 344

6．2 Specification of a simple type checker 348

6．3 Equivalence of type expressions 352

6．4 Type conversions 359

6．5 Overloading of functions and operators 361

6．6 Polymorphic functions 364

6．7 An algorithm for unification 376

Exercises 381

Bibliographic notes 386

Chapter 7 Run-Time Environments 389

7．1 Source language issues 389

7．2 Storage organization 396

7．3 Storage-allocation strategies 401

7．4 Access to nonlocal names 411

7．5 Parameter Passing 424

7．6 Symbol tables 429

7．7 Language facilities for dynamic storage allocation 440

7．8 Dynamic storage allocation techniques 442

7．9 Storage allocation in Fortran 446

Exercises 455

Bibliographic notes 461

Chapter 8 Intermediate Code Generation 463

8．1 Intermediate Languages 464

8．2 Declarations 473

8．3 Assignment statements 478

8．4 Boolean expressions 488

8．5 Case Statements 497

8．6 Backpatching 500

8．7 Procedure calls 506

Exercises 508

Bibliographic notes 511

Chapter 9 Code Generation 513

9．1 Issues in the design of a code generator 514

9．2 The target machine 519

9．3 Run-time storage management 522

9．4 Basic blocks and flow graphs 528

9．5 Next-use in formation 534

9．6 A simple code generator 535

9．7 Register allocation and assignment 541

9．8 The dag representation of basic blocks 546

9．9 Peephole optimization 554

9．10 Generating code from dags 557

9．11 Dynamic programming code-generation algorithm 567

9．12 Code-generator generators 572

Exercises 580

Bibliographic notes 583

Chapter 10 Code Optimization 585

10．1 Introduction 586

10．2 The principal sources of optimization 592

10．3 Optimization of basic blocks 598

10．4 Loops in flow graphs 602

10．5 Introduction to global data-flow analysis 608

10．6 Iterative solution of data-flow equations 624

10．7 Code-improving transformations 633

10．8 Dealing with aliases 648

10．9 Data-flow analysis of structured flow graphs 660

10．10 Efficient data-flow algorithms 671

10．11 A tool for data-flow analysis 680

10．12 Estimation of types 694

10．13 Symbolic debugging of optimized code 703

Exercises 711

Bibliographic notes 718

Chapter 11 Want to Write a Compiler? 723

11．1 Planning a compiler 723

11．2 Approaches to compiler development 725

11．3 The compiler-development environment 729

11．4 Testing and maintenance 731

12．1 EQN, a preprocessor for typesetting mathematics 733

Chapter 12 A Look at Some Compilers 733

12．2 Compilers for pascal 734

12．3 The C compilers 735

12．4 The Fortran H compilers 737

12．5 The Bliss/11 compiler 740

12．6 Modula-2 optimizing compiler 742

A．2 A Pascal subset 745

A．3 Program structure 745

A．1 Introduction 745

Appendix A Compiler Project 745

A．4 Lexical conventions 748

A．5 Suggested exercises 749

A．6 Evolution of the interpreter 750

A．7 Extensions 751

Bibliography 752

Index 780