数据库系统概念 英文版·第3版PDF电子书下载

Preface 1

1 Introduction 1

1．1 Purpose of Database Systems 1

1．2 View of Data 4

1．3 Data Models 7

1．4 Database Languages 12

1．5 Transaction Management 13

1．6 Storage Management 14

1．7 Database Administrator 15

1．8 Database Users 15

1．9 Overall System Structure 16

1．10 Summary 19

Exercises 20

Bibliographic Notes 20

2．1 Basic Concepts 23

2 Entity-Relationship Model 23

2．2 Design Issues 28

2．3 Mapping Constraints 30

2．4 Keys 34

2．5 Entity-Relationship Diagram 36

2．6 Weak Entity Sets 37

2．7 Extended E-R Features 41

2．8 Design of an E-R Database Schema 47

2．9 Reduction of an E-R Schema to Tables 52

2．10 Summary 58

Exercises 59

Bibliographic Notes 62

3 Relational Model 63

3．1 Structure of Relational Databases 63

3．2 The Relational Algebra 71

3．3 The Tuple Relational Calculus 86

3．4 The Domain Relational Calculus 90

3．5 Extended Relational-Algebra Operatios 94

3．6 Modification of the Database 100

3．7 Views 102

3．8 Summary 106

Exercises 107

Bibliographic Notes 110

4 SQL 111

4．1 Background 111

4．2 Basic Structure 113

4．3 Set Operations 120

4．4 Aggregate Functions 122

4．5 Null Values 124

4．6 Nested Subqueries 125

4．7 Derived Relations 129

4．8 Views 130

4．9 Modification of the Database 131

4．10 Joined Relations 136

4．11 Data-Definition Language 140

4．12 Embedded SQL 145

4．13 Other SQL Features 148

4．14 Summary 148

Exercises 149

Bibliographic Notes 152

5 Other Relational Languages 153

5．1 Query-by-Example 153

5．2 Quel 165

5．3Datalog 174

5．4 Summary 188

Exercises 188

Bibliographic Notes 190

6 Integrity Constraints 193

6．1 Domain Constraints 193

6．2 Referential Integrity 195

6．3 Assertions 200

6．4 Triggers 201

6．5 Functional Dependencies 202

6．6 Summary 210

Exercises 211

Bibliographic Notes 213

7 Relational Database Design 215

7．1 Pitfalls in Relational-Database Design 215

7．2 Decomposition 217

7．3 Normalization Using Functional Dependencies 221

7．4 Normalization Using Multivalued Dependencies 231

7．5 Normalization Using Join Dependencies 239

7．6 Domain-Key Normal Form 242

7．7 Alternative Approaches to Database Design 244

7．8 Summary 246

Exercises 247

Bibliographic Notes 250

8 Object-Oriented Databases 251

8．1 New Database Applications 251

8．2 The object-Oriented Data Model 253

8．3 Object-Oriented Languages 262

8．4 Persistent Programming Languages 263

8．5 Persistent C++ Systems 267

8．6 Summary 271

Exercises 272

Bibliographic Notes 272

9 Object-Relational Databases 275

9．1 Nested Relations 275

9．2 Complex Types and Object Orientation 278

9．3 Querying with Commplex Types 283

9．4 Creation of Complex Values and Objects 287

9．5 Comparison of Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Databases 288

9．6 Summary 289

Exercises 289

Bibliographic Notes 290

10 Storage and File Structure 293

10．1 Overview of Physical Storage Media 293

10．2 Magnetic Disks 296

10．3 RAID 301

10．4 Tertiary Storage 307

10．5 Storage Access 309

10．6 File Organization 312

10．7 Organization of Records in Files 318

10．8 Data-Dictionary Storage 322

10．9 Storage Structures for Object-Oriented Databases 324

10．10 Summary 332

Exercises 333

Bibliographic Notes 336

11 Indexing and Hashing 339

11．1 Basic Concepts 339

11．2 Ordered Indices 340

11．3 B+-Tree Index Files 346

11．4 B-Tree Index Files 356

11．5 Static Hashing 358

11．6 Dynamic Hashing 362

11．7 Comparison of Ordered Indexing and Hashing 369

11．8 Index Definition in SQL 371

11．9 Multiple-Key Access 372

11．10 Summary 377

Exercises 378

Bibliographic Notes 379

12 Query Processing 381

12．1 Overview 381

12．2 Catalog Information for Cost Estimation 384

12．4 Selection Operation 386

12．3 Measures of Query Cost 386

12．5 Sorting 394

12．6 Join Operation 397

12．7 Other Operations 410

12．8 Evaluation of Expressions 413

12．9 Transformation of Relational Expressions 418

12．10 Choice of Evaluation Plans 426

12．11 Summary 432

Exercises 434

Bibliographic Notes 437

13 Transactions 439

13．1 Transaction Concept 439

13．2 Transaction State 443

13．3 Implementation of Atomicity and Durability 445

13．4 Concurrent Executions 447

13．5 Serializability 451

13．6 Recoverability 456

13．7 Implementation of Isolation 457

13．8 Transaction Definition in SQL 458

13．9 Testing for Serializability 459

13．10 Summary 465

Exercises 467

Bibliographic Notes 468

14 Concurrency Control 471

14．1 Lock-Based Protocols 471

14．2 Timestamp-Based Protocols 482

14．3 Validation-Based Protocols 485

14．4 Multiple Granularity 487

14．5 Multiversion Schemes 490

14．6 Deadlock Handling 492

14．7 Insert and Delete Operations 497

14．8 Concurrency in Index Structures 500

14．9 Summary 503

Exercises 504

Bibliographic Notes 508

15 Recovery System 511

15．1 Failure Classification 511

15．2 Storage Structure 512

15．3 Recovery and Atomicity 516

15．4 Log-Based Recovery 517

15．5 Shadow Paging 525

15．6 Recovery with Concurrent Transactions 528

15．7 Buffer Management 531

15．8 Failure with Loss of Nonvolatile Storage 534

15．9 Advanced Recovery Techniques 535

15．10 Summary 539

Exercises 540

Bibliographic Notes 541

16 Database System Architectures 543

16．1 Centralized Systems 544

16．2 Client-Server Systems 545

16．3 Parallel Systems 549

16．4 Distributed Systems 555

16．5 Network Types 558

16．6 Summary 560

Exercises 561

Bibliographic Notes 562

17 Parallel Databases 565

17．1 Introduction 565

17．2 I/O Parallelism 566

17．3 Interquery Parallelism 569

17．4 Intraquery Parallelism 570

17．5 Intraoperation parallelism 571

17．6 Interoperation Parallelism 579

17．7 Design of Parallel Systems 582

Exercises 583

17．8 Summary 583

Bibliographic Notes 585

18 Distributed Databases 587

18．1 Distributed Data Storage 588

18．2 Network Transparency 593

18．3 Distributed Query Processing 596

18．4 Distributed Transaction Model 599

18．5 Commit Protocols 604

18．6 Coordinator Selection 612

18．7 Concurrency Control 613

18．8 Deadlock Handling 617

18．9 Multidatabase Systems 622

18．10 Summary 626

Exercises 628

Bibliographic Notes 631

19．1 Security and Integrity 633

19 Special Topics 633

19．2 Standardization 644

19．3 Performance Benchmarks 647

19．4 Performance Tuning 650

19．5 Time in Databases 655

19．6 User Interfaces 657

19．7 Active Databases 660

19．8 Summary 663

Exercises 664

Bibliographic Notes 666

20 Advanced Transaction Processing 669

20．1 Remote Backup Systems 669

20．2 Transaction-Processing Monitors 672

20．3 High-Performance Transaction Systems 676

20．4 Long-Duration Transactions 679

20．5 Real-Time Transaction Systems 685

20．6 Weak Levels of Consistency 686

20．7 Transactional Workflows 687

20．8 Summary 693

Exercises 694

Bibliographic Notes 695

21 New Applications 697

21．1 Decision-Support Systems 698

21．2 Data Analysis 700

21．3 Data Mining 702

21．4 Data Warehousing 708

21．5 Spatial and Geographic Databases 710

21．6 Multimedia Databases 719

21．7 Mobility and Personal Databases 722

21．8 Information-Retrieval Systems 726

21．9 Distributed Information Systems 731

21．10 The World Wide Web 733

21．11 Summary 740

Exercises 741

Bibliographic Notes 743

A Network Model 747

A．1 Basic Concepts 747

A．2 Data-Structure Diagrams 748

A．3 The DBTG CODASYL Model 750

A．4 Implementation Techniques 752

A．5 Discussion 752

B Hierarchical Model 755

B．1 Basic Concepts 755

B．2 Tree-Structure Diagrams 756

B．3 Implementation Techniques 759

B．4 The IMS Database System 760

B．5 Discussion 761

Bibliography 763

Index 809