实用操作系统概念 英文PDF电子书下载

PART ONE ■ OVERVIEW 3

Chapter1 Introduction 3

1．1 What Is an Operating System? 3

1．2 Batch Systems 6

1．3 Time-Sharing Systems 8

1．4 Personal-Computer Systems 10

1．5 Parallel Systems 11

1．6 Real-Time Systems 14

1．7 Distributed Systems 15

1．8 Summary 16

Exercises 17

Bibliographical Notes 18

Chapter2 Computer-System Structures 19

2．1 Computer-System Operation 19

2．2 I/O Structure 22

2．3 Storage Structure 26

2．4 Storage Hierarchy 30

2．5 Hardware Protection 33

2．6 General System Architecture 39

2．7 Summary 40

Exercises 41

Bibliographical Notes 43

Chapter3 Operating-System Structures 45

3．1 System Components 45

3．2 Operating-System Services 51

3．3 System Calls 53

3．4 System Programs 62

3．5 System Structure 64

3．6 Virtual Machines 70

3．7 Java 74

3．8 System Design and Implementation 77

3．9 System Generation 80

3．10 Summary 81

Exercises 82

Bibliographical Notes 84

PART TWO ■ PROCESS MANAGEMENT 87

Chapter4 Processes 87

4．1 Process Concept 87

4．2 Process Scheduling 91

4．3 Operations on Processes 95

4．4 Cooperating Processes 99

4．5 Interprocess Communication 101

4．6 Summary 112

Exercises 113

Bibliographical Notes 114

Chapter5 Threads 115

5．1 Overview 115

5．2 Benefits 116

5．3 User and Kernel Threads 117

5．4 Multithreading Models 118

5．5 Solaris 2 Threads 120

5．6 Java Threads 122

5．7 Summary 130

Exercises 132

Bibliographical Notes 133

Chapter6 CPU Scheduling 135

6．1 Basic Concepts 135

6．2 Scheduling Criteria 139

6．3 Scheduling Algorithms 141

6．4 Multiple-Processor Scheduling 153

6．5 Real-Time Scheduling 153

6．6 Thread Scheduling 156

6．7 Java Thread Scheduling 158

6．8 Algorithm Evaluation 162

6．9 Summary 167

Exercises 168

Bibliographical Notes 171

Chapter7 Process Synchronization 173

7．1 Background 173

7．2 Critical-Section Problem 175

7．3 Two-Tasks Solutions 177

7．4 Synchronization Hardware 181

7．5 Semaphores 184

7．6 Classical Synchronization Problems 191

7．7 Monitors 199

7．8 Java Synchronization 205

7．9 OSSynchronization 220

7．10 Summary 222

Exercises 222

Bibliographical Notes 225

8．1 System Model 227

Chapter8 Deadlocks 227

8．2 Deadlock Characterization 229

8．3 Methods for Handling Deadlocks 233

8．4 Deadlock Prevention 237

8．5 Deadlock Avoidance 241

8．6 Deadlock Detection 244

8．7 Recovery from Deadlock 245

8．8 Summary 247

Exercises 248

Bibliographical Notes 250

PART THREE ■ STORAGE MANAGEMENT 255

Chapter9 Memory Management 255

9．1 Background 255

9．2 Swapping 262

9．3 Contiguous Memory Allocation 265

9．4 Paging 269

9．5 Segmentation 284

9．6 Segmentation with Paging 290

9．7 Summary 292

Exercises 294

Bibliographical Notes 296

Chapter10 Virtual Memory 297

10．1 Background 297

10．2 Demand Paging 299

10．3 Page Replacement 308

10．4 Allocation of Frames 321

10．5 Thrashing 325

10．6 Operating-System Examples 330

10．7 Other Considerations 331

10．8 Summary 338

Exercises 339

Bibliographical Notes 344

11．1 File Concept 345

Chapter11 File Systems 345

11．2 Access Methods 355

11．3 Directory Structure 357

11．4 Protection 368

11．5 File System Structure 372

11．6 Allocation Methods 377

11．7 Free-Space Management 386

11．8 Directory Implementation 388

11．9 Efficiency and Performance 390

11．10 Recovery 392

11．11 Summary 394

Exercises 396

Bibliographical Notes 399

Chapter12 I/O Systems 401

12．1 Overview 401

12．2 I/O Hardware 402

12．3 Application I/O Interface 412

12．4 Kernel I/O Subsystem 418

12．5 I/O Requests Handling 424

12．6 Performance 427

12．7 Summary 431

Exercises 431

Bibliographical Notes 433

Chapter13 Mass-Storage Structure 435

13．1 Disk Structure 435

13．2 Disk Scheduling 436

13．3 Disk Management 442

13．4 Swap-Space Management 446

13．5 Disk Reliability 448

13．6 Stable-Storage Implementation 450

13．7 Tertiary-Storage Structure 451

13．8 Summary 456

Exercises 458

Bibliographical Notes 464

PART FOUR ■ DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 469

Chapter14 Network Structures 469

14．1 Background 469

14．2 Network Types 477

14．3 Communication 480

14．4 Communication Protocols 487

14．5 Robustness 490

14．6 Design Issues 493

14．7 Networking Example 495

14．8 Summary 497

Exercises 498

Bibliographical Notes 500

Chapter15 Distributed Communication 501

15．1 Sockets 501

15．2 Remote Procedure Calls 506

15．3 Remote Method Invocation 507

15．4 CORBA 515

15．5 Object Registration 516

15．6 Summary 517

Exercises 518

Bibliographical Notes 519

Chapter16 Distributed Coordination 521

16．1 Event Ordering 521

16．2 Mutual Exclusion 524

16．3 Deadlock Handling 527

16．4 Election Algorithms 535

16．5 Summary 538

Exercises 538

Bibliographical Notes 539

Chapter17 Distributed File Systems 541

17．1 Background 541

17．2 Naming and Transparency 543

17．3 Remote File Access 547

17．4 Stateful Versus Stateless Service 551

17．5 File Replication 553

17．6 Example System：NFS 554

17．7 Summary 561

Exercises 562

Bibliographical Notes 563

PART FIVE ■ PROTECTION AND SECURITY 567

Chapter18 Protection 567

18．1 Goals of Protection 567

18．2 Domain of Protection 569

18．3 Access Matrix 574

18．4 Implementation of Access Matrix 578

18．5 Revocation of Access Rights 582

18．6 Language-Based Protection 584

18．7 Summary 587

Exercises 588

Bibliographical Notes 589

19．1 The Security Problem 591

Chapter19 Security 591

19．2 Authentication 593

19．3 Program Threats 597

19．4 System Threats 598

19．5 Threat Monitoring 603

19．6 Encryption 605

19．7 Computer-Security Classifications 607

19．8 An Example Security Model：Windows NT 609

19．9 Java Security 611

19．10 Summary 615

Exercises 615

Bibliographical Notes 616

Chapter20 The UNIX System 621

20．1 History 621

PART SIX ■ CASE STUDIES 621

20．2 Design Principles 623

20．3 Programmer Interface 626

20．4 User Interface 634

20．5 Process Management 638

20．6 Memory Management 642

20．7 File System 646

20．8 I/O System 654

20．9 Interprocess Communication 658

20．10 Summary 664

Exercises 665

Bibliographical Notes 666

Chapter21 The Linux System 669

21．1 History 669

21．2 Design Principles 674

21．3 Kernel Modules 677

21．4 Process Management 681

21．5 Scheduling 685

21．6 Memory Management 690

21．7 File Systems 698

21．8 Input and Output 703

21．9 Interprocess Communication 706

21．10 Network Structure 708

21．11 Security 711

21．12 Summary 713

Exercises 714

Bibliographical Notes 715

Chapter22 Windows NT 717

22．1 History 717

22．2 Design Principles 718

22．3 System Components 719

22．4 Executive 725

22．5 Environmental Subsystems 735

22．6 File System 738

22．7 Networking 745

22．8 Programmer Interface 751

22．9 Summary 758

Exercises 759

Bibliographical Notes 759

Appendix A Java Primer 761

A．1 Basics 761

A．2 Exception Handling 770

A．3 Inheritance 772

A．4 Interfaces and Abstract Classes 775

A．5 Applications and Applets 779

A．6 Summary 781

Bibliographical Notes 781

Bibliography 783

Credits 807

Index 809