现代工业电子学 英文版PDF电子书下载

1 THE TRANSISTOR SWITCH AS A DECISION-MAKER 1

Objectives 1

1-1 Systems Containing Logic Circuits 2

1-2 Logic Circuits Using Magnetic Relays 2

1-3 Relay Logic Circuit for a Conveyor/Classifying System 4

1-4 Logic Performed by Transistors 8

1-5 Logic Gates——The Building Blocks of Solid-State Logic 10

1-6 Solid-State Logic Circuit for the Conveyor/Classifying System 11

1-7 Input Devices for Solid-State Logic 14

1-8 Output Devices for Solid-State Logic 19

1-9 Solid-State Logic Compared to Relay Logic 21

1-10 A Solid-State Logic Circuit for a Machine Tool Routing Cycle 22

1-11 Logic Circuit for a First Failure Annunciator 25

1-12 Logic Circuit for a Machine Tool Drilling Cycle 27

Expanding the Machine Tool Drilling System 30

Summary 30

Questions and Problems 31

2 TRANSISTOR SWITCHES IN MEMORY AND COUNTING APPLICATIONS 34

Objectives 35

2-1 Welder Control Circuit Using RS Flip-Flops 36

2-2 Oscillating Machining Table Using Clocked RS Flip-Flops 37

2-3 JK Flip-Flops 40

2-4 Shift Registers 40

2-5 Counters 45

2-6 Decoding 46

2-7 Palletizing System Using Decade Counters and Decoders 49

2-8 One-Shots 51

2-9 Clocks 53

2-10 Automatic Tank Filler Using a Clock and One-Shots 54

2-11 Down-Counters and Encoders 56

2-12 Timers 59

2-13 Bin-Filling System Using a Down-Counter, an Encoder, and Timers 66

Expanding the Oscillating Planning Circuit 69

Summary 70

Formula 70

Questions and Problems 70

3 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS 74

Objectives 75

3-1 The Parts of a Programmable Logic Controller 76

3-2 Programming a PLC to Control the Conveyor/Classifying System 95

3-3 Programming Timing and Counting Functions 102

3-4 A Machining Apparatus Utilizing Timing and Counting Functions 108

3-5 Other PLC Relay-Type Functions 114

3-6 Handling Analog Input Data 122

3-7 Improving the Milling Machine System by Making it Temperature-Sensitive 136

Summary 141

Refining the Temperature-Response of the Milling Process 141

Formula 142

Questions and Problems 142

4 SCRS 148

Objectives 149

4-1 Theory and Operation of SCRs 150

4-2 SCR Waveforms 150

4-3 SCR Gate Characteristics 152

4-4 Typical Gate Control Circuits 152

4-5 Other Gate Control Circuits 155

4-6 Alternative Methods of Connecting SCRs to Loads 158

4-7 SCRs in Dc Circuits 160

MogLev Vehicles 163

Summary 168

Formula 169

Questions and Problems 169

Suggested Laboratory Projects 170

5 UJTS 174

Objectives 175

5-1 Theory and Operation of UJTs 176

5-2 UJT Relaxation Oscillators 179

5-3 UJT Timing Circuits 183

5-4 UJTs in SCR Trigger Circuits 186

5-5 PUTs 194

Triggering the SCRs in a MagLev Control Module 198

Summary 200

Formulas 200

Questions and Problems 200

Suggested Laboratory Projects 201

6 TRIACS AND OTHER THYRISTORS 206

Objectives 207

6-1 Theory and Operation of Triacs 208

6-2 Triac Waveforms 209

6-3 Electrical Characteristics of Triacs 210

6-4 Triggering Methods for Triacs 211

6-5 Silicon Bilateral Switches 214

6-6 Unilateral Breakover Devices 219

6-7 Breakover Device(SUS)Used to Trigger a Triac 220

6-8 Critical Rate of Rise of Off-State Voltage(dv/dt) 222

6-9 UJTs as Trigger Devices for Triacs 222

Removal of Ash Particulates from a Coal-Fired Electric Utility Stack 230

Summary 233

Formulas 233

Questions and Problems 233

Suggested Laboratory Projects 235

7 AN INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATIC WELDING SYSTEM WITH DIGITAL CONTROL 240

Objectives 241

7-1 Physical Description of the Wheel-Welding System 242

7-2 Sequence of Operations in Making a Weld 243

7-3 Block Diagram of the Sequence Control Circuit 246

7-4 Detailed Description of the Sequence Initiation Circuit and the Interval Triggering and Gating Circuit 250

7-5 Detailed Description of the Interval Stepping Circuit and Decoder 255

7-6 Interval Time Counter and Interval Time Counter Preset Circuit 259

7-7 Heat-Cool Stepping and Gating Circuit 264

7-8 Heat-Cool Counter and Heat-Cool Counter Preset Circuit 266

7-9 The Weld Power Circuit 268

Summary 278

Re-creating the Schematic Diagram of the Weld Power Circuit with Alternating-Polarity Heat Subintervals 278

Questions and Problems 279

8 OP AMPS 282

Objectives 283

8-1 Op Amp Ideas 284

8-2 Closed-Loop Characteristics-Inverting Amplifier 286

8-3 Noninverting Amplifier 291

8-4 The Output Offset Problem 293

8-5 Op Amp Summing Circuit 294

8-6 Voltage Comparator 296

8-7 Operation from a Single-Polarity Power Supply 298

8-8 Op Amp Differential Amplifier 299

8-9 Op Amp Voltage-to-Current Converter 300

8-10 Op Amp Integrators and Differentiators 301

Troubleshooting the MagLev Sidewall-Position-Signal Processing Circuit 303

Summary 310

Formulas 310

Questions and Problems 311

Suggested Laboratory Projects 313

9 FEEDBACK SYSTEMS AND SERVOMECHANISMS 314

Objectives 315

9-1 Open-Loop Versus Closed-Loop Systems 316

9-2 Closed-Loop System Diagrams and Nomenclature 319

9-3 Examples of Closed-Loop Control Systems 321

9-4 Modes of Control in Industrial Closed-Loop Systems 325

9-5 On-Off Control 326

9-6 Proportional Control 329

9-7 Proportional Plus Integral Control 339

9-8 Proportional Plus Integral Derivative Control 342

9-9 Process Response 346

9-10 Relationship Between Process Characteristics and Proper Mode of Control 352

9-11 PID Process Control with a Programmable Logic Controller 355

Using a PLC for Automated Variation of Process Conditions and Data Gathering 360

Summary 362

Questions and Problems 362

10 INPUT TRANSDUCERS-MEASURING DEVICES 368

Objectives 369

10-1 Potentiometers 370

10-2 Linear Variable Differential Transformers(LVDTs) 375

10-3 Pressure Transducers 376

10-4 Thermocouples 378

10-5 Thermistors and Resistive Temperature Detectors(RTDs) 382

10-6 Other Temperature Transducers 385

10-7 Photocells and Photoelectric Devices 386

10-8 Optical Fibers 403

10-9 Ultrasonics 405

10-10 Strain Gages 406

10-11 Accelerometers 409

10-12 Tachometers 410

10-13 Hall-Effect Transducers 413

10-14 Other Flowmeters 417

10-15 Resolvers 424

10-16 Humidity Transducers 434

Troubleshooting with a Multichannel Digital Storage Scope 438

Summary 441

Questions and Problems 442

Formulas 442

11 FINAL CORRECTING DEVICES AND AMPLIFIERS 448

Objectives 450

11-1 Solenoid Valves 450

11-2 Two-Position Electric Motor-Driven Valves 451

11-3 Proportional-Position Electric Motor-Driven Valves 453

11-4 Electropneumatic Valves 454

11-5 Electrohydraulic Valves 457

11-6 Valve Flow Characteristics 459

11-7 Relays and Contactors 461

11-8 Thyristors 465

11-9 Split-Phase Ac Motors 466

11-10 Ac Servo Motors 471

11-11 Solid-State Ac Servo Amplifiers 478

11-12 Dc Servo Motors 488

11-13 Amplifiers for Dc Servo Motors 490

Troubleshooting an Electropneumatic Valve Operator 493

Summary 494

Questions and Problems 494

12 WOUND-ROTOR DC MOTORS 498

Objectives 499

12-1 Motor Types 500

12-2 Wound-Rotor Dynamo Principles 501

12-3 Wound-Rotor Dc Motor Performance 519

12-4 Characteristic Graphs of Shunt-Configured Dc Motors 535

12-5 Characteristics of Series-Configured Dc Motors 538

12-6 Compound Configuration 546

12-7 Interpoles 547

12-8 Starting,Stopping,and Reversing 548

Removal of Sulfur from a Coal-Fired Electric Utility Stack 556

Summary 561

Formulas 561

Questions and Problems 562

13 NONTRADITIONAL DC MOTORS 566

Objectives 567

13-1 Conventional Permanent-Magnet Motors 568

13-2 Coreless Permanent-Magnet Motors 569

13-3 Stepper Motors 572

13-4 Brushless Dc Motors 589

13-5 Comparing Electronically Commutated to Brush-Equipped Dc Motors 592

Learning a Complex Stepper Motor Test Circuit 596

Summary 598

Formulas 598

Questions and Problems 598

14 AC MOTORS 602

Objectives 603

14-1 The Rotating Field 604

14-2 The Squirrel-Cage Rotor 610

14-3 Getting the Phase-Shift 614

14-4 Operating Characteristics of Squirrel-Cage Motors 619

14-5 Three-Phase Ac Power Systems 624

14-6 Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors 635

14-7 Characteristics of Three-Phase Motors 639

14-8 Starting,Reversing, and Two-Voltage Operation 643

Troubleshooting a Motor Overload 649

Summary 650

Questions and Problems 651

Formulas 651

15 NINE EXAMPLES OF CLOSED-LOOP INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS 656

Objectives 657

15-1 Thermistor Control of Quench Oil Temperature 658

15-2 Proportional Mode Pressure Control System 661

15-3 Proportional Plus Reset Temperature Controller with Thermocouple Input 667

15-4 Strip Tension Controller 674

15-5 Edge Guide Control for a Strip Reciler 679

15-6 Automatic Weighing System 682

15-7 Carbon Dioxide Controller for a Carburizing Furnace 691

15-8 Control of Relative Humidity in a Textile Moistening Process 700

15-9 Warehouse Humidity Controller 703

Troubleshooting an Op-Amp Proportional Control Circuit 707

Summary 707

Questions and Problems 707

16 MOTOR SPEED-CONTROL SYSTEMS 710

Objectives 711

16-1 Dc Motors-Operation and Characteristics 712

16-2 Thyristor Control of Armature Voltage and Current 714

16-3 Single-Phase Half-Wave Speed-Control System for a Dc Shunt Motor 715

16-4 Another Single-Phase Speed-Control System 717

16-5 Reversible Speed Control 718

16-6 Three-Phase Drive Systems for Dc Motors 720

16-7 An Example of a Three-Phase Drive System 721

16-8 Pulse-Width-Modulated Control 723

16-9 The Type 555 Timer-Oscillator 727

16-10 Variable-Frequency Inverters 740

16-11 Varying the Voltage Along with Frequency 747

16-12 Cycloconverters 752

Troubleshooting a High-Power SCR-Based Dc Motor Drive 765

Summary 766

Formulas 767

Questions and Problems 767

17 TELEMETRY 772

Objectives 773

17-1 Telemetry by Pulse-Width Modulation 774

17-2 Telemetry by Pulse-Frequency Modulation 778

17-3 Multiplexed Telemetry 788

17-5 Digital Telemetry 792

17-4 Radio Telemetry 792

Testing a Pulse-Frequency-Modulated Telemetry System 809

Summary 811

Formulas 812

Questions and Problems 812

18 CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL WITH AN ON-LINE MICROCOMPUTER 816

Objectives 817

18-1 A Coal-Slurry Transport System Controlled by a Microcomputer 818

18-2 The System Control Scheme 818

18-3 Programming a Microcomputer 820

18-4 The Program Flowchart 821

18-5 The Microcomputer s Architecture 823

18-6 Executing a Program 831

18-7 The Coal-Slurry Control Program 834

Using a Logic Analyzer for Debugging 850

Summary 852

Questions and Problems 853

19 INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS 856

Objectives 857

19-1 The Robot Concept 858

19-2 Mechanical Configurations of Industrial Robots 860

19-3 Categories of Software for Industrial Robots 864

19-4 Positive-Stop Programs 866

19-5 Point-to-Point Programs 873

19-6 Continuous-Path Programs 883

19-7 Mechanical Grippers 886

19-8 Vacuum Holders 888

19-9 Pneumatic Grippers 891

19-10 Proximity Sensors 894

Understanding Robotic Malfunctions 899

Summary 900

Questions and Problems 900

20 SAFETY 904

Objectives 905

20-1 Electric Shock 906

20-2 Grounding Wires 908

20-3 Ground-Fault Interrupters 911

20-5 Burns 913

20-4 Administering Aid to a Victim of Electric Shock 913

20-6 Eye and Head Protection 914

20-7 Fire 915

20-8 OSHA Color Codes 915

Summary 916

Questions and Problems 917

APPENDIX A:Universal Time-Constant Curves 919

GLOSSARY 921

INDEX 933