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Chapter 1 PRESENT TIME 1

Appendix 1 PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS 1

1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 3

1-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THEPRESENT PROGRESSIVE 3

Appendix 2 PHRASALVERBS 4

Appendix 3 GUIDE FOR CORRECTING WRITING ERRORS 6

1-3 SPELLING:FINAL -S vs.ES 8

Appendix 4 BASIC VOCABULARY LIST 8

1-4 NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS 9

1-5 SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:SHORT ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 12

Appendix 5 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMERICAN ENGLISH AND BRITISH ENGLISH 15

INDEX 17

2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME:THE SIMPLE PAST 18

Chapter 2 PASTTIME 18

2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST 19

2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB 21

2-4 IRREGULAR VERBS:A REFERENCE LIST 22

2-5 SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS 29

2-6 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE 32

2-7 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE 32

2-8 EXPRESSING PAST TIME:USING TIME CLAUSES 37

2-9 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT:USED TO 42

2-10 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME:IN,AT,AND ON 45

3-1 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME:BE GOING TO AND WILL 47

Chapter 3 FUTURE TIME 47

3-2 FORMS WITH WILL 49

3-3 USING PROBABLY WITH WILL 50

3-4 BE GOING TO vs.WILL 51

3-5 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME IN TIME CLAUSES AND IF-CLAUSES 53

3-6 PARALLEL VERBS 58

3-7 USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME 61

3-8 USIN？ THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME 63

3-9 PRESENT PLANS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES:USING INTEND,PLAN,HOPE 64

3-10 IMMEDIATE FUTURE:USING BEABOUT TO 65

Chapter 4 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS 67

4-1 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS 68

4-2 SUBJECTS,VERBS,AND OBJECTS 70

4-3 OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS 71

4-4 USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS 72

4-5 USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES 73

4-6 PERSONAL PRONOUNS:SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS 76

4-7 POSSESSIVE NOUNS 77

4-8 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 79

4-9 A FRIEND OF POSSESSIVE 80

4-10 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 81

4-11 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHER:ANOTHER vs.THE OTHER 84

4-12 PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER:OTHER(S) vs.THEOTHER(S) 86

4-13 SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER 88

4-14 CAPITALIZATION 91

5-1 THE FORMOF MODAL AUXILIARIES 94

Chapter 5 MODAL AUXIUARIES 94

5-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY:CAN AND COULD 95

5-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY:MAYAND MIGHT EXPRESSING PERMISSION:MAY AND CAN 98

5-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY 100

5-5 ASKING FOR PERMISSION:MAY I,COULD I,CAN I 100

5-6 ASKING FOR ASSISTANCE:WOULD YOU,COULD YOU,WILL YOU,CAN YOU 102

5-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE:SHOULD,OUGHT TO,HAD BETTER 105

5-8 EXPRESSING NECESSITY:HAVE TO,HAVE GOT TO,MUST 108

5-9 EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY:DO NOTHAVE TO EXPRESSING PROHIBITION:MUST NOT 109

5-10 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS:MUST 112

5-11 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS:IMPERATIVE SENTENCES 114

5-12 MAKING SUGGESTIONS:LET'S AND WHYDON'T 116

5-13 STATING PREFERENCES:PREFER,LIKE BETTER,WOULD RATHER 119

Chapter 6 ASKING QUESTIONS 124

6-1 YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS 124

6-2 YES/NO QUESTIONS AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS 128

6-3 USING WHO,WHO(M),AND WHAT 132

6-4 USING WHAT A FORM OF DO 135

6-5 USING WHAT KIND OF 137

6-6 USING WHICH 139

6-7 USING WHOSE 141

6-8 USING HOW 144

6-9 USING HOW OFTEN8 145

6-10 USING HOW FAR 146

6-11 EXPRESSING LENGTH OF TIME:ITTAKE 147

6-12 USING HOWLONG 148

6-13 MORE QUESTIONS WITH HOW 152

6-14 USING HOWABOUT AND WHATABOUT 154

6-15 TAG QUESTIONS 156

Chapter 7 THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT 160

7-1 THE PAST PARTICIPLE 160

7-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT 161

7-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT 162

7-4 USING THE SIMPLE PAST vs.THE PRESENT PERFECT 164

7-5 USING SINCE AND POR 171

7-6 THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 176

7-7 THE PRESENT PERFECT vs.THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 177

7-8 MIDSENTENCE ADVERBS 181

7-9 USING ALREADY,YET,STILL,AND ANYMORE 184

7-10 USING THE PAST PERFECT 189

Chapter 8 COUNT/NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARTICLES 193

8-1 COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS 193

8-2 NONCOUNT NOUNS 194

8-3 MORE NONCOUNT NOUNS 198

8-4 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT 202

8-5 USING UNITS OF MEASURE WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS 204

8-6 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE 206

8-7 USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY AS PRONOUNS 216

8-8 NONSPECIFIC OBJECT PRONOUNS:SOME,ANY,AND ONE 217

Chapter 9 CONNECTING IDEAS 221

9-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND 222

9-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR 224

9-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO 226

9-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND 228

9-5 USING ANDTOO,SO,EITHER,NEITHER 230

9-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE 234

9-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH/ALTHOUGH 237

9-8 PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE) 241

9-9 PHRASAL VERBS (NONSEPARABLE) 243

Chapter 1O GERUNDSAND INFINITIVES 246

10-1 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES:INTRODUCTION 246

10-2 VERBGERUND 247

10-3 GO-ING 250

10-4 VERBINFINITIVE 251

10-5 VERBGERUND OR INFINITIVE 253

10-6 UNCOMPLETED INFINITIVES 259

10-7 PREPOSITIONGERUND 260

10-8 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE 262

10-9 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS:USING ITINFINITIVE 264

10-10 ITINFINITIVE:USING FOR (SOMEONE) 266

10-11 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE:USING IN ORDER TO 267

10-12 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH 270

10-13 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE) 273

11-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES 276

Chapter 11 PASSIVE SENTENCES 276

11-2 TENSE FORMS OF PASSIVE VERBS 277

11-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS 282

11-4 USING THE "BY-PHRASE" 283

11-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE 288

11-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES 289

11-7 SUMMARY:PASSIVE VERB FORMS 290

11-8 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES(STATIVE PASSIVE) 294

11-9 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES-ED vs.-ING 298

11-10 GETADJECTIVE;GETPAST PARTICIPLE 301

11-11 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO 305

11-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO 307

Chapter 12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 309

12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES:INTRODUCTION 309

12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 310

12-3 USING WHO,WHOM,AND THATIN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 312

12-4 USING WHICH AND THATIN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 313

12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 315

12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 316

12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 318

12-8 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE) 323

12-9 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (NONSEPARABLE) 325

Chapter 13 COMPARISONS 327

13-1 MAKING COMPARISONS WITHAS AS 328

13-2 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE 331

13-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 332

13-4 USING COMPARATIVES 334

13-5 USING MORE WITH NOUNS 336

13-6 REPEATING A COMPARATIVE 337

13-7 USING DOUBLE COMPARATIVES 338

13-8 USING SUPERLATIVES 339

13-9 USING THE SAME,SIMILAR,DIFFERENT,LIKE,ALIKE 342

Chapter 14 NOUN CLAUSES 346

14-1 NOUN CLAUSES:INTRODUCTION 346

14-2 NOUN CLAUSES THAT BEGIN WITH A QUESTION WORD 347

14-3 NOUN CLAUSES WITH WHO,WHAT,WHOSEBE 348

14-4 NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH IF OR WHETHER 352

14-5 NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH THAT 357

14-6 SUBSTITUTING SO FOR A"THAT-CLAUSE"IN CONVERSATIONAL RESPONSES 359

14-7 OTHER USES OF"THAT-CLAUSES" 361

Chapter 15 QUOTED SPEECH AND REPORTED SPEECH 364

15-1 QUOTED SPEECH 364

15-2 QUOTED SPEECH vs.REPORTED SPEECH 366

15-3 VERB FORM USAGE IN REPORTED SPEECH:FORMAL SEQUENCE OF TENSES 367

15-4 USING SAY vs.TELL 368

15-5 USING ASK IF 369

15-6 USING VERB INFINITIVE TO REPORT SPEECH 375

15-7 SOME TROUBLESOME VERBS:ADVISE,SUGGEST,AND RECOMMEND 378

16-1 EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT/FUTURE 381

Chapter 16 USING WISH:USING IF 381

16-2 EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT THE PAST 384

16-3 USING IF:CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PRESENT/FUTURE 389

16-4 USING IF:TRUE vs.CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PRESENT/FUTURE 392

16-5 USING IF:CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PAST 394

16-6 SUMMARY:VERB FORMS IN SENTENCES WITH IF(CONDITIONAL SENTENCES) 395